Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
434 listings
  • New Listing
    $35,990
    fair price
    $242 below market
    • 104,010 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Oklahoma City, OK / 1,127 miles away from Sebastian, FL

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2HKJ8KR340975
    Stock: 2003676009
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-30-2025

  • $66,988
    fair price
    $231 below market
    • 26,500 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Lexus of North Miami (138 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in North Miami, FL / 138 miles away from Sebastian, FL

    Yukon XL Denali REAR SEAT MEDIA SYSTEM, 4WD, Onyx Black, Jet Black Leather, 15" Diagonal Multi-Color Head-Up Display, 2 Presets For Outside Rearview M...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2JKL7PR374597
    Stock: 25266501
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-05-2025

  • Price Drop
    $62,976
    fair price
    $52 below market
    • 29,752 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Lokey Volkswagen (136 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Clearwater, FL / 136 miles away from Sebastian, FL

    For more information and test drive please call. CARFAX One-Owner. 2023 GMC Yukon XL Denali Onyx Black 4WD 4D Sport Utility 10-Speed Automatic with Ov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2JKL0PR503828
    Stock: VP503828
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-04-2025

  • New Listing
    $32,990
    fair price
    $232 above market
    • 90,214 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 8 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 507 miles away from Sebastian, FL

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2GKC7KR328375
    Stock: 2003606268
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-02-2025

  • $36,991
    fair price
    $718 below market
    • 111,596 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 8 Seats, 16 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • AutoNation Chevrolet Doral (145 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Miami, FL / 145 miles away from Sebastian, FL

    Leather Seats3rd Row SeatLane Keeping AssistKeyless StartCooled Front Seat(S)Audio System; 10.2" Diagonal Gmc Infotainment SystemEmissions; Fede...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS1GKD5MR271964
    Stock: MR271964
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-09-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $39,889
    good price
    $2,566 below market
    • 105,142 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, taxi vehicle
    • 8 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Ed Morse Bayview Cadillac (123 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Fort Lauderdale, FL / 123 miles away from Sebastian, FL

    Recent Arrival! 2021 GMC Yukon XL AT4 Onyx Black2023 and 2024 Cadillac Dealer of the Year. Come see why we have recieved hundreds of 4.7 Star Revie...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2HKD8MR296988
    Stock: BM4970
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-05-2025

  • New Listing
    $62,990
    good price
    $2,240 below market
    • 39,285 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Doral Lincoln (145 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Doral, FL / 145 miles away from Sebastian, FL

    Recent Arrival! CARFAX One-Owner. Leather, Rear Backup Camera, Bluetooth, Panoramic Sunroof / Moonroof, GPS / Navigation, Carfax Certified, MANAGER'S ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2JKL1PR359139
    Stock: PR359139
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-30-2025

  • $56,500
    good price
    $1,759 below market
    • 52,113 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Salvage Reseller (111 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Coconut Creek, FL / 111 miles away from Sebastian, FL

    This vehicle is located at Orlando, FL Copart yard. All purchases must take place online at www.salvagereseller.com. Visit our website to learn more.

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS1JKL9PR209119
    Stock: 55865415
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-21-2025

  • $48,290
    fair price
    $257 below market
    • 75,375 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (111 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Wesley Chapel, FL / 111 miles away from Sebastian, FL

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Rare Find,3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2GKD1PR156957
    Stock: M156957T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $48,500
    good price
    $2,349 below market
    • 81,866 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Brickell Buick & GMC (147 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Miami, FL / 147 miles away from Sebastian, FL

    Brickell Buick GMC is pleased to offer this Beautiful 2021 GMC Yukon XL. This Denali Yukon XL is beautifully finished in Summit White and complimented...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2JKL3MR221954
    Stock: C254269A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-09-2025

  • $32,000
    good price
    $2,037 below market
    • 145,676 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Lee Auto Group (125 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Fort Myers, FL / 125 miles away from Sebastian, FL

    Rugged and refined, our 2021 GMC Yukon XL SLT 4WD with the Luxury Plus Pack in Onyx Black has the bold strength that your busy family demands! Motivat...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2GKD6MR145674
    Stock: F7351
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-14-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 50,194 miles
    • Frame damage reported, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • North Miami Mitsubishi (135 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Miami Gardens, FL / 135 miles away from Sebastian, FL

    2023 GMC Yukon XL Denali Onyx Black 4D Sport Utility EcoTec3 6.2L V8Keyless start, Google Built-in Services, Power Folding Side View Mirrors, 15" Di...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: Yes

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS1JKLXPR209436
    Stock: 209436F01
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-24-2025

  • New Listing
    $45,499
    fair price
    $1,991 below market
    • 86,441 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Florida Fine Cars Margate (114 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Margate, FL / 114 miles away from Sebastian, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS1JKL3MR281249
    Stock: 151468
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-02-2025

  • Price Drop
    $56,582
    fair price
    $1,585 above market
    • 43,850 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (75 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Orlando, FL / 75 miles away from Sebastian, FL

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated St...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS1JKL4PR353645
    Stock: PR353645
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 36,600 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Bomnin Chevrolet Dadeland (152 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Miami, FL / 152 miles away from Sebastian, FL

    Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! Odometer is 23436 miles below market average! Midnight Blue Metallic 2022 GMC Yukon XL Denali

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS1JKL1NR255525
    Stock: R255610A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-22-2025

  • Price Drop
    $49,864
    fair price
    $1,064 above market
    • 83,481 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Coggin DeLand Honda (89 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Orange City, FL / 89 miles away from Sebastian, FL

    2022 GMC Yukon XL Denali 10-Speed Automatic with Overdrive White Frost TricoatCARFAX One-Owner. **LEATHER SEATS**, **TRAILER HITCH**, **HEATED SEATS*...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2JKL0NR254637
    Stock: CDHP220458
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-02-2025

  • $27,995
    fair price
    $87 above market
    • 129,869 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • JP Auto Group (125 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Brooksville, FL / 125 miles away from Sebastian, FL

    2019 GMC YUKON XL DENALIVIN: 1GKS2HKJ4KR326572129,964 MILES4 DOOR WAGON/SPORT UTILITY6.2L V8 F OHV 16VGASOLINEREAR WHEEL DRIVE W/ 4X4ONE OWNERNO ACCID...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2HKJ4KR326572
    Stock: KR326572
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-20-2025

  • New Listing
    • 100,103 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 8 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Memphis, TN / 745 miles away from Sebastian, FL

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2GKC4KR160775
    Stock: 2003728155
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-08-2025

  • $47,900
    fair price
    $337 below market
    • 51,707 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Mullinax Ford of Central Florida (80 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Apopka, FL / 80 miles away from Sebastian, FL

    **FACTORY CERTIFIED WARRANTY**, **FREE DELIVERY WITHIN 200 MILES IN FLORIDA**, **NO DEALER FEES**, **4.6 STAR CUSTOMER RATED DEALERSHIP**, **22in WHEE...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS1GKDXMR453742
    Stock: 453742
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-29-2025

  • New Listing
    • 46,270 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to FL*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Buena Park, CA / 2,249 miles away from Sebastian, FL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2HKJ8KR126701
    Stock: 27188727
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 57,702 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to FL*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Buena Park, CA / 2,249 miles away from Sebastian, FL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2HKJ5KR298765
    Stock: 26847560
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 190 - 210 out of 434 listings

Consumer Reviews for the GMC Yukon XL

Read recent reviews for the GMC Yukon XL
Overall Consumer Rating
4.6 out of 5 stars6 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 6 reviews
  • 5 star
    (67%)
  • 4 star
    (33%)
  • 3 star
    (0%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
4 out of 5 stars

Great Auto

Jim Gray, 01/28/2019
2011 GMC Yukon XL SLE 1500 4dr SUV 4WD (5.3L 8cyl 6A)
Be prepared for MPG. Other than that Super Vehicle.
Report abuse
Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters5Active

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details

* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.