Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
2,770 listings
  • New Listing
    $21,497
    good price
    $1,363 below market
    • 12,120 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 29 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • MINI of Nashville (273 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Brentwood, TN / 273 miles away from Macon, GA

    Boasts 40 Highway MPG and 29 City MPG! This Volkswagen Jetta boasts a Intercooled Turbo Regular Unleaded I-4 1.5 L/91 engine powering this Automatic t...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VW7M7BU5RM096128
    Stock: BRM096128
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-08-2025

  • $21,902
    good price
    $1,062 below market
    • 17,823 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 29 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • Fitzgerald Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (89 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Fitzgerald, GA / 89 miles away from Macon, GA

    Odometer is 11769 miles below market average! CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. Blue Metallic 2024 Volkswagen Jetta 1.5T SE 1.5L I-4 DI DOHC Turbocharge...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VW7M7BUXRM089840
    Stock: J1848A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-16-2025

  • New Listing
    $17,990
    good price
    $1,345 below market
    • 17,503 miles
    • 30 City / 41 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 2,130 miles away from Macon, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    34 Combined MPG (30 City/41 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VW5M7BU4RM073284
    Stock: 2003694466
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-25-2025

  • $24,636
    good price
    $1,588 below market
    • 4,839 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 29 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • Volkswagen of North Nashville (287 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Madison, TN / 287 miles away from Macon, GA

    2025 Volkswagen Jetta 1.5T SE Certified.Grigio/Titan Black w/CloudTex & V-Tex Leatherette Seat Trim, Power Tilting & Sliding Sunroof, Sunroof Package....

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VW7X7BU1SM001125
    Stock: R001125
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-04-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $16,799
    good price
    $1,351 below market
    • 66,106 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 29 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in El Cajon, CA / 1,916 miles away from Macon, GA

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWEM7BU3NM003057
    Stock: 8DCLCX
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-02-2025

  • New Listing
    $13,900
    good price
    $1,822 below market
    • 48,986 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 30 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • Jarrett Ford of Charlotte County (420 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Port Charlotte, FL / 420 miles away from Macon, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    34 Combined MPG (30 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWCB7BU2LM034746
    Stock: P11861
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-09-2025

  • $20,977
    good price
    $708 below market
    • 17,208 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 29 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • Georgia Supreme Motors (73 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Lawrenceville, GA / 73 miles away from Macon, GA

    Georgia Supreme Motors Sales 2044 Lawrenceville hwy Lawrenceville, GA 30*** 7**-5**-5*** **JETTA SPORT EDITION** BRAND NEW CAR SMELL** FULL FACTORY VW...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWBM7BU0RM054833
    Stock: 054833
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-14-2025

  • $26,989
    good price
    $1,263 below market
    • 1,577 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 29 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • Hendrick Volkswagen Of Concord (248 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Concord, NC / 248 miles away from Macon, GA

    Volkswagen Certified, CARFAX 1-Owner, Excellent Condition, ONLY 1,577 Miles! SEL trim, Deep Black Pearl exterior and Grigio/Titan Black interior. WAS ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWGX7BU2SM012781
    Stock: PV5243
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 03-27-2025

  • Price Drop
    $10,988
    good price
    $2,304 below market
    • 71,887 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 28 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Freehold, NJ / 735 miles away from Macon, GA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Rare Find,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Turbo/Supercharged,Power Door Locks,Brake Assist,Front Wheel Drive,Gasoli...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (28 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VW2B7AJ6JM212402
    Stock: SU534852A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $15,490
    good price
    $1,877 below market
    • 50,137 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 29 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • CarLink (449 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Fort Myers, FL / 449 miles away from Macon, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWC57BU8MM088433
    Stock: 25290A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-03-2025

  • $19,926
    good price
    $1,258 below market
    • 17,740 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 29 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • Norm Reeves Volkswagen Superstore Port Charlotte (418 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Port Charlotte, FL / 418 miles away from Macon, GA

    This 2023 Black Volkswagen Jetta 1.5T Sport FWD is well equipped and includes these features and benefits: Volkswagen Certified Pre-Owned Certified, T...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWBM7BU6PM023650
    Stock: 19048A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-11-2025

  • Price Drop
    $19,984
    good price
    $681 below market
    • 8,313 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 29 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • Volkswagen of North Tampa (343 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 343 miles away from Macon, GA

    CARFAX ONE OWNER, REMAINDER OF FACTORY WARRANTY AVAILABLE, APPLE CARPLAY ** GOOGLE ANDROID AUTO, BLUETOOTH PHONE CONNECTIVITY, ADAPTIVE CRUISE CONTROL...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWBM7BU2RM071326
    Stock: M071326
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-24-2025

  • $25,984
    fair price
    $121 below market
    • 2,052 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 29 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • Marietta Toyota (83 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Marietta, GA / 83 miles away from Macon, GA

    At Marietta Toyota, we are proud to celebrate 50 years of being a family-owned and operated business! Since 1975, we've been committed to providing a ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VW7X7BU1SM063768
    Stock: SU163302A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-04-2025

  • $21,799
    good price
    $1,040 below market
    • 7,702 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 29 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Flow Volkswagen of Charlottesville (467 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Charlottesville, VA / 467 miles away from Macon, GA

    Flow Companies of Charlottesville is pumped up to offer this wonderful 2025 Volkswagen Jetta Black 1.5T S. Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price!Titan ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VW5X7BU1SM019230
    Stock: 8SLV13041
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-07-2025

  • $9,030
    good price
    $1,440 below market
    • 135,111 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 30 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • Valerio's Auto Sales (145 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Montgomery, AL / 145 miles away from Macon, GA

    Clean TitleVehicle Runs Well, Not seen any accidents

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    34 Combined MPG (30 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWC57BU5KM188700
    Stock: 188700
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-31-2025

  • Price Drop
    $21,385
    good price
    $1,328 below market
    • 14,467 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 29 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Los Angeles, CA / 1,978 miles away from Macon, GA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Low Mileage,Rare Find,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWGM7BU7NM023126
    Stock: ZV11711
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $20,694
    fair price
    $260 below market
    • 1,706 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 30 City / 41 Hwy MPG
    • Safford Brown Richmond Volkswagen (476 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 476 miles away from Macon, GA

    4 Speakers, 4-Wheel Disc Brakes, ABS brakes, Active Blind Spot Monitor, Air Conditioning, Dual front impact airbags, Dual front side impact airbags, E...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    34 Combined MPG (30 City/41 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VW5M7BU0RM101758
    Stock: P544
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-24-2025

  • $22,599
    good price
    $1,150 below market
    • 10,566 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 29 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • Flow Volkswagen of Charlottesville (467 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Charlottesville, VA / 467 miles away from Macon, GA

    Flow Companies of Charlottesville is pleased to offer this good-looking 2025 Volkswagen Jetta Gray 1.5T Sport.Titan Black W Seat Trim Cloth. Volkswage...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWBX7BU4SM020696
    Stock: 8P1967
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-20-2025

  • $12,000
    good price
    $1,294 below market
    • 90,385 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 30 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • Merit Auto Group (222 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, FL / 222 miles away from Macon, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    34 Combined MPG (30 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWCB7BU0KM140286
    Stock: 5550
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $16,000
    great price
    $951 below market
    • 73,147 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 30 City / 41 Hwy MPG, Manual
    • Robert Woodall Hyundai (359 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Danville, VA / 359 miles away from Macon, GA

    This Pure White 2021 Volkswagen Jetta R-Line FWD is well equipped and includes these features and benefits:*RECENT TRADE IN* and 6 Speed Manual Transm...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    34 Combined MPG (30 City/41 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWN57BU5MM011995
    Stock: H50477A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-13-2025

  • $20,369
    fair price
    $606 below market
    • 5,950 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 29 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • Sunrise Volkswagen of Fort Pierce (434 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Fort Pierce, FL / 434 miles away from Macon, GA

    2024 Volkswagen Jetta 4D Sedan Deep Black Pearl 8-Speed Automatic with Tiptronic 1.5T Sport Clean CARFAX. CARFAX One-Owner. Priced below KBB Fair Purc...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWBM7BU9RM050926
    Stock: PP11133
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-11-2025

Showing 1,681 - 1,701 out of 2,770 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Volkswagen Jetta

Read recent reviews for the Volkswagen Jetta
Overall Consumer Rating
4.5 out of 5 stars169 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 169 reviews
  • 5 star
    (71%)
  • 4 star
    (22%)
  • 3 star
    (4%)
  • 2 star
    (2%)
  • 1 star
    (1%)
4.25 out of 5 stars

third times a charm??

5peedornospeed, 10/12/2011
2008 Volkswagen Jetta S PZEV 4dr Sedan (2.5L 5cyl 5M)
my mom has had Jettas as her past two cars (a 1997 with 170,000 and a 2002 currantly with 100000 on it) both cars have never given any problems out of the normal range of expected maintanence so i decided on the 2008 jetta s as my next car. so far im very impressed, i got it with 54000 miles on it and it now has 62000. i have only owned the car a month. the first week i had it i took it … from RI, to NC to CO(phish) and back to RI. the car isnt old enough for me to judge reliability but so far everything seems solid and the car seems very well built. i will update this review once i have put some real milage on the car.
Report abuse
Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.