Your Privacy

By accessing this website, you acknowledge that Edmunds and its third-party business partners may use cookies, pixels, and similar technologies to collect information about you and your interactions with the website as described in our Privacy Statement; and you agree that your use of the website is subject to our Visitor Agreement.
Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
33 listings

Save up to
$0
with EV Tax Credits & Rebates

  • EV Tax CreditCertain EVs and PHEVs may be eligible for a federal used EV tax credit up to $4,000. Buyer and car must qualify.
    $22,990
    fair price
    $1,253 below market
    • 7,987 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 211 - 238 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Nationwide Nissan (24 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Timonium, MD / 24 miles away from Aberdeen, MD

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1AF0BA8PM400290
    Stock: 15222R
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-28-2025

  • EV Tax CreditCertain EVs and PHEVs may be eligible for a federal used EV tax credit up to $4,000. Buyer and car must qualify.
    $24,895
    good price
    $1,138 below market
    • 16,823 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 279 - 305 mi est. range
    • Excellent battery score
    • Trust Auto (47 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Sykesville, MD / 47 miles away from Aberdeen, MD

    Thank you for visiting another one of Trust Auto's online listings! Please continue for more information on this Loaded 2023 Nissan ARIYA EMPOWER+ Lon...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1BF0BA4PM403627
    Stock: 403627
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-02-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 9,386 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 262 - 286 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Exton Nissan (46 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Exton, PA / 46 miles away from Aberdeen, MD

    New Price! 2023 Nissan Ariya PLATINUM+ e-4ORCE AWD Electric Motor CVT PLATINUM+ e-4ORCE Clean CARFAX. CARFAX One-Owner. Certified. Nissan Certified De...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1DF0CDXPM701181
    Stock: PE4229
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-09-2025

  • EV Tax CreditCertain EVs and PHEVs may be eligible for a federal used EV tax credit up to $4,000. Buyer and car must qualify.
    • 23,138 miles
    • Lemon reported, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 213 - 237 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Manchester Motors (39 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Manchester, MD / 39 miles away from Aberdeen, MD

    Manchester Motor Company is proud to offer this great 2023 Nissan Ariya in Gun Metallic. WE ARE A TOP RATED DEALER BY CARFAX AND CARGURUS FOR 2022! Th...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1AF0BA3PM403579
    Stock: 7758
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-09-2025

  • Price Drop
    $25,990
    great price
    $3,644 below market
    • 3,272 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 282 - 306 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 531 miles away from Aberdeen, MD

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1BF0BAXPM406533
    Stock: 2003646000
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-18-2025

  • EV Tax CreditCertain EVs and PHEVs may be eligible for a federal used EV tax credit up to $4,000. Buyer and car must qualify.
    $23,850
    great price
    $5,402 below market
    • 13,301 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 208 - 235 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Twin Pine Ford (48 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Ephrata, PA / 48 miles away from Aberdeen, MD

    PA's #1 Ford Store. 2023 Nissan Ariya ENGAGE e-4ORCE AWD Navigation, Heated Seats, Heated Rear Seats, Heated Steering Wheel, Keyless Ignition, Keyless...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1CF0BB5PM709040
    Stock: N09040A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-16-2025

  • EV Tax CreditCertain EVs and PHEVs may be eligible for a federal used EV tax credit up to $4,000. Buyer and car must qualify.
    $19,995
    good price
    $3,836 below market
    • 10,755 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 212 - 236 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Antwerpen Nissan (46 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Clarksville, MD / 46 miles away from Aberdeen, MD

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1AF0BA4PM400481
    Stock: NS084BR
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-14-2025

  • Price Drop
    $26,990
    fair price
    $146 above market
    • 7,667 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 282 - 306 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 531 miles away from Aberdeen, MD

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1DF0BB9PM709479
    Stock: 2003624363
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-28-2025

  • EV Tax CreditCertain EVs and PHEVs may be eligible for a federal used EV tax credit up to $4,000. Buyer and car must qualify.
    $22,800
    fair price
    $905 below market
    • 11,100 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 212 - 236 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Twin Pine Ford (48 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Ephrata, PA / 48 miles away from Aberdeen, MD

    PA's #1 Ford Store. 2023 Nissan Ariya ENGAGE FWD Navigation, Heated Seats, Heated Rear Seats, Heated Steering Wheel, Keyless Ignition, Keyless Entry, ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1AF0BA6PM407853
    Stock: N07853
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-30-2025

  • Price Drop
    $27,590
    fair price
    $1,207 above market
    • 10,343 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 271 - 293 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 531 miles away from Aberdeen, MD

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1DF0BB0RM732538
    Stock: 2003646001
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-18-2025

  • EV Tax CreditCertain EVs and PHEVs may be eligible for a federal used EV tax credit up to $4,000. Buyer and car must qualify.
    $20,500
    good price
    $1,308 below market
    • 29,334 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 212 - 235 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Twin Pine Ford (48 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Ephrata, PA / 48 miles away from Aberdeen, MD

    PA's #1 Ford Store. 2023 Nissan Ariya ENGAGE e-4ORCE AWD Navigation, Heated Seats, Heated Rear Seats, Heated Steering Wheel, Keyless Ignition, Keyless...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1CF0BBXPM708708
    Stock: N08708
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-16-2025

  • EV Tax CreditCertain EVs and PHEVs may be eligible for a federal used EV tax credit up to $4,000. Buyer and car must qualify.
    $21,400
    fair price
    $1,260 below market
    • 28,628 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 213 - 237 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Annapolis Nissan (41 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Annapolis, MD / 41 miles away from Aberdeen, MD

    2023 Nissan Ariya ENGAGE Blue Tooth, Back Up Camera, XM Radio, HEATED STEERING WHEEL, NISSAN CERTIFIED 167-POINT INSPECTION, LANE DEPARTURE WARNING(LD...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1AF0BA1PM406075
    Stock: PM406075
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-22-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 21,379 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 262 - 285 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 531 miles away from Aberdeen, MD

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1DF0CD3PM707808
    Stock: 2003624476
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-07-2025

  • New Listing
    $25,349
    fair price
    $287 below market
    • 8,884 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 296 - 320 mi est. range
    • Excellent battery score
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Pennsauken, NJ / 65 miles away from Aberdeen, MD

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1BF0AAXPM406369
    Stock: 8GLW5H
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-04-2025

  • $28,494
    fair price
    $418 below market
    • 7,663 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 282 - 306 mi est. range
    • Excellent battery score
    • Concordville Nissan (42 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Glen Mills, PA / 42 miles away from Aberdeen, MD

    Certified. Check out all these great options 19" Alloy Wheels, 4-Wheel Disc Brakes, 6 Speakers, 8.896/7.679 Final Drive Ratio, ABS brakes, Air Conditi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1DF0BB0PM708897
    Stock: P8094
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-16-2025

  • New Listing
    $26,185
    fair price
    $1,190 above market
    • 39,842 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 283 - 307 mi est. range
    • Excellent battery score
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Chantilly, VA / 80 miles away from Aberdeen, MD

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Rare Find,Green Vehicle,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seat...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1BF0BA3PM403859
    Stock: PM403859P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • EV Tax CreditCertain EVs and PHEVs may be eligible for a federal used EV tax credit up to $4,000. Buyer and car must qualify.
    $24,500
    fair price
    $157 above market
    • 3,045 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 211 - 238 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Twin Pine Ford (48 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Ephrata, PA / 48 miles away from Aberdeen, MD

    PA's #1 Ford Store. 2023 Nissan Ariya ENGAGE e-4ORCE AWD Navigation, Leather, Heated Seats, Heated Rear Seats, Heated Steering Wheel, Keyless Ignition...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1CF0BB0PM710242
    Stock: N10242
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-30-2025

  • EV Tax CreditCertain EVs and PHEVs may be eligible for a federal used EV tax credit up to $4,000. Buyer and car must qualify.
    $24,500
    fair price
    $235 above market
    • 5,588 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 212 - 236 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Twin Pine Ford (48 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Ephrata, PA / 48 miles away from Aberdeen, MD

    PA's #1 Ford Store. 2023 Nissan Ariya ENGAGE e-4ORCE AWD Navigation, Leather, Heated Seats, Heated Rear Seats, Heated Steering Wheel, Keyless Ignition...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1CF0BB2PM704006
    Stock: N04006
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-14-2025

  • EV Tax CreditCertain EVs and PHEVs may be eligible for a federal used EV tax credit up to $4,000. Buyer and car must qualify.
    $24,500
    fair price
    $690 above market
    • 6,669 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 211 - 237 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Twin Pine Ford (48 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Ephrata, PA / 48 miles away from Aberdeen, MD

    PA's #1 Ford Store. 2023 Nissan Ariya ENGAGE e-4ORCE AWD Navigation, Leather, Heated Seats, Heated Rear Seats, Heated Steering Wheel, Keyless Ignition...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1CF0BB8PM708822
    Stock: N08822
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-23-2025

  • EV Tax CreditCertain EVs and PHEVs may be eligible for a federal used EV tax credit up to $4,000. Buyer and car must qualify.
    $24,500
    fair price
    $767 above market
    • 7,394 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 211 - 237 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Twin Pine Ford (48 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Ephrata, PA / 48 miles away from Aberdeen, MD

    PA's #1 Ford Store. 2023 Nissan Ariya ENGAGE e-4ORCE AWD Leather, Heated Seats, Heated Steering Wheel, Keyless Ignition, Keyless Entry, Blind Spot Mon...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1CF0BB0PM708359
    Stock: N08359
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-12-2025

  • New Listing
    • 12,071 miles
    • 264 - 285 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Chantilly, VA / 80 miles away from Aberdeen, MD

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Low Mileage,Green Vehicle,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Fre...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN1DF0CD0PM710486
    Stock: PM710486P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 1 - 21 out of 33 listings
Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius50 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

EV Details

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.