Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
72 listings

Save with Porsche Taycan rebates
Check your savings potential before you buy

  • Price Drop
    $58,990
    good price
    $3,050 below market
    • 11,865 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 236 - 244 mi est. range
    • Excellent battery score
    • Driveway (181 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Minneapolis, MN / 181 miles away from Sioux Falls, SD

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Low Mileage,Green Vehicle,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated S...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AA2Y10NSA14666
    Stock: NSA14666M
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $84,995
    fair price
    $2,561 below market
    • 18,764 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use
    • 228 - 238 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Motor Cars of Chicago (455 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Joliet, IL / 455 miles away from Sioux Falls, SD

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0BB2Y10NSA71144
    Stock: 6908
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $76,493
    fair price
    $31 below market
    • 15,558 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 240 - 251 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Driveway (181 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Minneapolis, MN / 181 miles away from Sioux Falls, SD

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Low Mileage,Rare Find,Green Vehicle,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgat...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AB2Y17NSA45314
    Stock: NSA45314M
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $61,550
    fair price
    $304 above market
    • 14,954 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 236 - 244 mi est. range
    • Excellent battery score
    • Driveway (181 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Minneapolis, MN / 181 miles away from Sioux Falls, SD

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Low Mileage,Green Vehicle,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Keyless St...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AA2Y19NSA15881
    Stock: NSA15881M
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 11,050 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 236 - 245 mi est. range
    • Excellent battery score
    • Guaranteed Motor Cars - Lake Villa (442 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Lake Villa, IL / 442 miles away from Sioux Falls, SD

    Taycan 4S, 4D Sedan, Electric Motor, 2-Speed Automatic, AWD, Red, Beige Leather.CARFAX One-Owner. Odometer is 8916 miles below market average! Red 2...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AB2Y1XNSA45016
    Stock: LV387
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-25-2025

    • 23,371 miles
    • Lemon reported, 1 owner, personal use
    • 233 - 242 mi est. range
    • Excellent battery score
    • Porsche Downtown Chicago (473 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 473 miles away from Sioux Falls, SD

    UNDER FULL EXISTING PORSCHE CERTIFIED WARRANTY UNTIL 8/8/2028!!! 2022 Porsche Taycan 4S 4S Recent Arrival! Jet Black Metallic Electric Motor Taycan 4S...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: Yes

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AB2Y1XNSA45422
    Stock: PSN1072
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-27-2025

    • 11,018 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 235 - 244 mi est. range
    • Excellent battery score
    • Porsche Wichita (417 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Wichita, KS / 417 miles away from Sioux Falls, SD

    2022 Porsche Taycan 4S, Porsche Certified Pre-Owned. Located at Porsche Wichita. Original MSRP $144,180. Cherry Metallic with Black/Limestone Beige Le...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AB2Y19NSA44875
    Stock: 56P1067P
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-04-2025

    • 29,703 miles
    • Lemon reported, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 223 - 231 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Porsche Downtown Chicago (473 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 473 miles away from Sioux Falls, SD

    COMES WITH FULL PORSCHE EXISTING CERTIFIED WARRANTY UNTIL 01/02/2028!!! FULL VEHICLE Paint Protection Film!! 2022 Porsche Taycan Cross Turismo Turbo S...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: Yes

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0BC2Y17NSA74104
    Stock: PSN1080
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-30-2025

  • New Listing
    $61,998
    great price
    $7,555 below market
    • 4,100 miles
    • 200 mi range
    • Porsche St. Louis (482 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Saint Louis, MO / 482 miles away from Sioux Falls, SD

    Porsche St. Louis is proud to present this Certified Pre-Owned 2021 Porsche Taycan. Finished in sleek Black with a luxurious Leather Interior in Black...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AA2Y11MSA15484
    Stock: TMSA15484
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 07-26-2025

  • $59,980
    fair price
    $1,958 below market
    • 11,863 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 236 - 245 mi est. range
    • Excellent battery score
    • Dillon's Auto (197 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Lincoln, NE / 197 miles away from Sioux Falls, SD

    Price shown includes a $1,000 Finance discount. You must finance 80% of Cash Sales Price, or purchase a service contract to receive this discount. CAR...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AA2Y12MSA18524
    Stock: EVA18524
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-07-2023

  • $98,991
    fair price
    $466 below market
    • 14,570 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 236 - 246 mi est. range
    • Excellent battery score
    • Porsche Downtown Chicago (473 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 473 miles away from Sioux Falls, SD

    2023 Porsche Taycan Cross Turismo 4S 4S Recent Arrival! Carrara White Metallic Electric Motor Model Type Taycan 4S Cross Turismo VIN WP0BB2Y1XPSA65029...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0BB2Y1XPSA65029
    Stock: PSN1106
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 07-01-2025

  • Price Drop
    $56,590
    fair price
    $1,834 below market
    • 18,756 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 236 - 245 mi est. range
    • Excellent battery score
    • Carvana - Kansas City (337 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Kansas City, MO / 337 miles away from Sioux Falls, SD

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AA2Y19MSA17404
    Stock: 2003900932
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-18-2025

  • $104,991
    fair price
    $158 below market
    • 11,445 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 272 - 278 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • The Porsche Exchange (457 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Highland Park, IL / 457 miles away from Sioux Falls, SD

    CARFAX One-Owner.Odometer is 1690 miles below market average!The Porsche Exchange is Chicagoland’s highest volume Porsche CPO dealership and a Porsche...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AD2Y16PSA47813
    Stock: PP5865
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 07-18-2025

  • $103,882
    fair price
    $2,199 above market
    • 6,515 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 252 - 259 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Porsche St. Louis (482 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Saint Louis, MO / 482 miles away from Sioux Falls, SD

    Porsche St. Louis is proud to present this Certified Pre-Owned 2023 Porsche Taycan GTS. Finished in elegant Jet Black Metallic over a sporty Leather/R...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AD2Y10PSA47788
    Stock: TPSA47788
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 07-02-2025

    • 8,475 miles
    • Lemon reported, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 237 - 246 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Porsche Downtown Chicago (473 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 473 miles away from Sioux Falls, SD

    $154,100 MSRP!! UNDER FULL EXTENDED PORSCHE WARRANTY UNTIL 3 11/27/2029!! 2023 Porsche Taycan Cross Turismo 4S 4S Recent Arrival! Carrara White Metall...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: Yes

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0BB2Y15PSA65519
    Stock: PSN1092
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-11-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 7,694 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 220 - 228 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Napleton Westmont Porsche (459 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Westmont, IL / 459 miles away from Sioux Falls, SD

    CARFAX One-Owner. Certified. White 2021 Porsche Taycan Turbo S **PORSCHE CERTIFIED** AWDSTELLAR BUILD SHEET AND STELLAR VALUE WITH PORSHE CERTIFIED WA...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AC2Y1XMSA62264
    Stock: PJW6532A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 07-03-2025

  • New Listing
    • 9,535 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 239 - 249 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • The Porsche Exchange (457 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Highland Park, IL / 457 miles away from Sioux Falls, SD

    Porsche Certified 2023 Porsche Taycan Turbo!Porsche Approved Certified Pre-Owned Details:* Vehicle History* Roadside Assistance* Includes Trip Interru...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AC2Y17PSA52263
    Stock: PP5859
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 07-30-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 15,132 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 235 - 245 mi est. range
    • Excellent battery score
    • Napleton Westmont Porsche (459 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Westmont, IL / 459 miles away from Sioux Falls, SD

    CARFAX One-Owner. Certified. Volcano Grey Metallic 2023 Porsche Taycan 4S **PORSCHE CERTIFIED** AWDSTELLAR VALUE WITH LOW MILES AND GREAT PORSCHE WARR...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AB2Y11PSA35090
    Stock: PJW6594
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-07-2025

  • New Listing
    • 29,250 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 248 - 258 mi est. range
    • Excellent battery score
    • Porsche Downtown Chicago (473 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 473 miles away from Sioux Falls, SD

    2023 Porsche Taycan Base Recent Arrival! Jet Black Metallic Electric Motor Porsche Downtown Chicago, under the leadership of our new General Manager, ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AA2Y18PSA11730
    Stock: PSN1111A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-25-2025

  • EV RebatesCertain EVs and PHEVs may be eligible for a rebate. Buyer and car must qualify.
    $62,590
    good price
    $4,077 below market
    • 18,644 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 236 - 245 mi est. range
    • Excellent battery score
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Los Angeles, CA / 1,338 miles away from Sioux Falls, SD

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AA2Y11NSA17818
    Stock: 2003903183
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-29-2025

  • New Listing
    $99,881
    good price
    $9,787 below market
    • 12,203 miles
    • 192 mi range
    • The Porsche Exchange (457 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Highland Park, IL / 457 miles away from Sioux Falls, SD

    CARFAX One-Owner.Odometer is 11055 miles below market average!The Porsche Exchange is Chicagoland’s highest volume Porsche CPO dealership and a Porsch...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AC2Y1XLSA71254
    Stock: P250679A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 08-01-2025

Showing 1 - 21 out of 72 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Porsche Taycan

Read recent reviews for the Porsche Taycan
Overall Consumer Rating
3.7 out of 5 stars37 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 37 reviews
  • 5 star
    (51%)
  • 4 star
    (11%)
  • 3 star
    (14%)
  • 2 star
    (5%)
  • 1 star
    (19%)
1 out of 5 stars

Software issues

Todd Engel, 05/07/2021
2020 Porsche Taycan Turbo 4dr Sedan AWD (electric 2AM)
Be wise!!! Make sure you speak with actual Taycan owners before you buy. This is the inaugural year and there’s been nothing but problems. My car has been in the service garage almost 1/2 of the time I’ve owned it. SOFTWARE issues is all I hear when I inquire as I continue to make my monthly payments without having my car. My brakes failed because of a software issue, my charger … overheated because of the “major” software issue and my car slammed I’m the brakes on its own because the sensor “thought” it saw on oncoming vehicle. This has been a resentful and extremely disappointing purchase. If you’ve ever had your car broken into, you’ll understand the feeling on complete violation of personal property and space! This is exactly how I feel about this vehicle even if they “fix” it and return it to me. Porsche has responded to me with “we’re looking into this matter and will reach out shortly”... as I am without a $175,000.00 Taycan Turbo which I just bought 5 months ago and is sitting at the dealership.
Report abuse

Used 2022 Porsche Taycan in Sioux Falls, SD Values

Estimated values
2022 Porsche Taycan 4dr Sedan (electric 2A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$50,503$54,520$58,734
Clean$49,718$53,557$57,572
Average$48,409$51,951$55,637
Rough$46,707$49,863$53,121

The average list price of a used 2022 Porsche Taycan in Sioux Falls, South Dakota is $82,440. The average mileage on a used Porsche Taycan 2022 for sale in Sioux Falls, South Dakota is 14,498. Based on the average mileage of 14,498 for used 2022 Porsche Taycan for sale in Sioux Falls, SD and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Porsche Taycan 2022 in Sioux Falls, South Dakota to be $48,409.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

EV Details

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.