Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
521 listings
  • New Listing
    $43,990
    fair price
    $499 below market
    • 53,077 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 1,482 miles away from Denver, CO

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2BAMCA0PC027910
    Stock: 2004006798
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-02-2025

  • New Listing
    • 38,433 miles
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to CO*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Irving, TX / 654 miles away from Denver, CO

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2HZMAA2MC197719
    Stock: 27761030
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $34,495
    fair price
    $149 below market
    • 52,840 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Bloomfield, NJ / 1,623 miles away from Denver, CO

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2HZMDA2MC289103
    Stock: BBP10076A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $36,590
    good price
    $1,502 below market
    • 49,942 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 1,523 miles away from Denver, CO

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2HZMAA0MC218888
    Stock: 2003975264
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-16-2025

    • 15,751 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Mike Maroone Ford Longmont (36 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Longmont, CO / 36 miles away from Denver, CO

    Recent Arrival! Clean CARFAX. CARFAX One-Owner. ALL WHEEL DRIVE, LEATHER SEATING, HEATED SEATS, POWER SEATS, BLIND SPOT MONITOR, BLUETOOTH/HANDS FREE,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2BAMCA4PC004923
    Stock: AR45224
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-19-2025

  • Price Drop
    $47,499
    good price
    $1,601 below market
    • 18,190 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Ramsey, NJ / 1,624 miles away from Denver, CO

    CarFax 1-Owner,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Start,Lane Keeping Assist,Leather S...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2BAMCA5PC010925
    Stock: L17823T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 10,883 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Ramsey, NJ / 1,624 miles away from Denver, CO

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Low Mileage,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Ste...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2BAMCA5PC022606
    Stock: L17914T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $37,998
    fair price
    $72 above market
    • 31,327 miles
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from FL to CO*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, FL / 1,476 miles away from Denver, CO

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2HZMDA6MC306551
    Stock: 27626632
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $48,554
    fair price
    $1,065 above market
    • 16,611 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Ramsey, NJ / 1,624 miles away from Denver, CO

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Start,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2BAMCA0PC009374
    Stock: L17987T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 18,000 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Urbandale, IA / 610 miles away from Denver, CO

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Rare Find,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steer...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2BAMCA6PC021366
    Stock: PC021366NT
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 19,876 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Birmingham, AL / 1,096 miles away from Denver, CO

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2YZMAA2MC216771
    Stock: 2003843063
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-04-2025

    • 20,190 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from VA to CO*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Woodbridge, VA / 1,485 miles away from Denver, CO

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2BAMCA8PC032160
    Stock: 27096023
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 23,935 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from PA to CO*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in King of Prussia, PA / 1,568 miles away from Denver, CO

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2BAMCA7PC016855
    Stock: 27473738
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 24,283 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Rockwall, TX / 665 miles away from Denver, CO

    Rare Find,Apple CarPlay,Automatic Parking,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heads-Up Display,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Lane De...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2BAMCA5PC018281
    Stock: PC018281A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 82,639 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in San Diego, CA / 818 miles away from Denver, CO

    High Demand,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heads-Up Display,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Start,L...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2YZMDA8MC307412
    Stock: MC307412A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 46,963 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 661 miles away from Denver, CO

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2HZMDA1MC291277
    Stock: 2003941994
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-03-2025

    • 32,034 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Springfield, VA / 1,488 miles away from Denver, CO

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heads-Up Display,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Star...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2BAMBA3PC002811
    Stock: PC002811P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 35,596 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from GA to CO*
    • Leatherette Seats
    • Front Seat Heaters
    • Rear View Camera
    • Apple CarPlay
    • Blind Spot Monitor
    Close

    Located in Stockbridge, GA / 1,224 miles away from Denver, CO

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2BAMBA2PC008244
    Stock: 27309979
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $31,888
    fair price
    $219 below market
    • 54,782 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Torrance, CA / 837 miles away from Denver, CO

    High Demand,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Lane Keeping Assist,Remote Start,Satelli...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2AZMAA8MC191361
    Stock: MC191361P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 12,626 miles
    • Issue reported, 1 owner, personal use only
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    Close

    Located in Farmington Hills, MI / 1,143 miles away from Denver, CO

    Low Mileage

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2BAMCA8PC036080
    Stock: PC036080P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 47,150 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Minnetonka, MN / 695 miles away from Denver, CO

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2BAMCA8PC002060
    Stock: T9013584A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 127 - 147 out of 521 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Lexus RX 350

Read recent reviews for the Lexus RX 350
Overall Consumer Rating
4.2 out of 5 stars44 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 44 reviews
  • 5 star
    (66%)
  • 4 star
    (11%)
  • 3 star
    (7%)
  • 2 star
    (5%)
  • 1 star
    (11%)
1 out of 5 stars

Exhaust drones/vibrates between 1400/1900 RPM

AlanB, 09/30/2022
2022 Lexus RX 350 F SPORT 4dr SUV AWD (3.5L 6cyl 8A)
I have a new 2022 but the exhaust noise and corresponding vibration in the pedals and steering wheel is very annoying. Test drove another new 2022 today that did not have these issues. After two visits, a total of 11 days in the shop, and replacement of several parts the issue remains and Lexus has now washed their hands and told me that’s just too bad. It’s operating as intended in … their words, but obviously not, or they would not have worked on it two times and replaced parts. Very disappointed in Lexus quality and there their response to customer issues. If they don’t deal with this in a better fashion, they can put me down as a never again customer, and I warn everyone looking at ANY RX 350 to carefully check for this issue. All you have to do is leave the car in park, and very slowly rev the engine between idle and about 2000 RPM . If you hear any abnormal, droning , rumbling or vibrations run from the car, because Lexus will not fix it!
Report abuse

Used 2023 Lexus RX 350 in Denver, CO Values

Estimated values
2023 Lexus RX 350 Premium 4dr SUV AWD (2.4L 4cyl Turbo 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$39,491$41,759$44,316
Clean$39,046$41,255$43,747
Average$38,304$40,416$42,797
Rough$37,340$39,324$41,563

The average list price of a used 2023 Lexus RX 350 in Denver, Colorado is $44,195. The average mileage on a used Lexus RX 350 2023 for sale in Denver, Colorado is 33,578. Based on the average mileage of 33,578 for used 2023 Lexus RX 350 for sale in Denver, CO and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Lexus RX 350 2023 in Denver, Colorado to be $38,304.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.