Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
523 listings
  • $47,499
    fair price
    $1,288 above market
    • 33,523 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • European Performance (162 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Raleigh, NC / 162 miles away from Virginia Beach, VA

    European Performance takes care to hand pick our vehicles so that the customer gets the best option available. We have a full service facility and spe...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AB2A57MLB30784
    Stock: B30784
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-12-2025

  • New Listing
    $39,998
    fair price
    $993 above market
    • 16,755 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TN to VA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Nashville, TN / 592 miles away from Virginia Beach, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A59MLB15237
    Stock: 26649131
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 20,078 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Select Auto Imports (143 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Alexandria, VA / 143 miles away from Virginia Beach, VA

    ORIGINAL MSRP $69,970.00*Premium Package Plus ($4,910)*Volcano Grey Metallic ($700)*Leather PKG in Black/Bordeaux Red ($1,960)*20" Macan S Whe...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A53PLB03542
    Stock: 22881
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-27-2025

  • New Listing
    • 20,529 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 1,201 miles away from Virginia Beach, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AB2A56MLB31229
    Stock: 2003832957
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-03-2025

  • New Listing
    $42,998
    fair price
    $95 above market
    • 43,842 miles
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to VA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Stockton, CA / 2,451 miles away from Virginia Beach, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AB2A55MLB32680
    Stock: 27747158
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 27,560 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Audi Hunt Valley (180 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Cockeysville, MD / 180 miles away from Virginia Beach, VA

    Heated Steering Wheel In Race-TexPanoramic Roof SystemCarrara White MetallicPanoramic RoofLeather SeatsNavigation SystemBlack/Mojave Beige; Part...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A57PLB03835
    Stock: PLB03835
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-06-2025

  • New Listing
    $43,998
    fair price
    $491 above market
    • 23,207 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from FL to VA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Pompano Beach, FL / 770 miles away from Virginia Beach, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A55MLB17177
    Stock: 27731584
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $40,998
    fair price
    $508 above market
    • 26,501 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from IL to VA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Schaumburg, IL / 728 miles away from Virginia Beach, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A53MLB06811
    Stock: 27267251
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 40,457 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Euroclassics Porsche (92 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Midlothian, VA / 92 miles away from Virginia Beach, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A55MLB16904
    Stock: U50091
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-24-2025

    • 32,748 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NC to VA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Winston Salem, NC / 240 miles away from Virginia Beach, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A52MLB15385
    Stock: 27690884
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 33,955 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from AL to VA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Hoover, AL / 651 miles away from Virginia Beach, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A58MLB17478
    Stock: 27705813
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 35,019 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to VA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Denton, TX / 1,210 miles away from Virginia Beach, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AB2A54MLB33805
    Stock: 26812278
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 42,918 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 2,028 miles away from Virginia Beach, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A52MLB10414
    Stock: 2004015440
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-30-2025

    • 38,190 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Universal Auto Group (154 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Silver Spring, MD / 154 miles away from Virginia Beach, VA

    Enhance your drive with our superb 2023 Porsche Macan AWD with the Premium Package Plus presented in Night Blue Metallic. Powered by a TurboCharged 2....

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A55PLB00688
    Stock: 17779
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-19-2025

    • 37,179 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Porsche Silver Spring (157 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Silver Spring, MD / 157 miles away from Virginia Beach, VA

    Clean CARFAX. Recent Arrival!*Your additional costs are sales tax, tag and title fees for the state in which the vehicle will be registered, any deal...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AG2A5XPLB37119
    Stock: P60009A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 09-06-2025

  • New Listing
    • 46,224 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Oklahoma City, OK / 1,193 miles away from Virginia Beach, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A53MLB04203
    Stock: 2004052059
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-18-2025

    • 82,187 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Porsche Silver Spring (157 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Silver Spring, MD / 157 miles away from Virginia Beach, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A5XKLB02347
    Stock: PP0669
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 09-08-2025

    • 44,094 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Maplewood, MN / 1,042 miles away from Virginia Beach, VA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Leather Seats,Navigation System,Satellite Radio,Turbo/Supercharged,WiFi Hotspot,V6 ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AB2A53MLB34573
    Stock: MLB34573A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 49,392 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 428 miles away from Virginia Beach, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A52MLB02782
    Stock: 2004033748
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-09-2025

    • 47,895 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • CarMax Raleigh (160 mi away)
    • 4WD
    • Leather Seats
    • Front Seat Heaters
    • Panoramic Sunroof
    • Rear View Camera
    Close

    Located in Raleigh, NC / 160 miles away from Virginia Beach, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A50PLB13638
    Stock: 27575099
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 39,785 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from AL to VA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Hoover, AL / 651 miles away from Virginia Beach, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A54MLB07627
    Stock: 27616930
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 85 - 105 out of 523 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Porsche Macan

Read recent reviews for the Porsche Macan
Overall Consumer Rating
4.4 out of 5 stars31 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 31 reviews
  • 5 star
    (77%)
  • 4 star
    (3%)
  • 3 star
    (10%)
  • 2 star
    (3%)
  • 1 star
    (6%)
5 out of 5 stars

DOUBLED DOWN! Upgraded from Base to GTS

MAPC, 08/29/2020
2020 Porsche Macan GTS 4dr SUV AWD (2.9L 6cyl Turbo 7AM)
First- this review is NOT to say that the Base isn't a great car--IT IS. I owned my 2018 for two years and LOVED it. I have owned many cars and have only 2 other times ever bought another version of a car I had already owned- and this is the first time that I am doing in back to back. The build quality, interior fit and finish is fantastic. Nothing feels as good- at any price. In terms … of size, it is true that this is not a 'family hauler'- which is exactly why I like it so much. I have owned a Cayenne S in the past but I just prefer smaller cars- even though I am a bigger guy. My favorite car of all time (until now!) has been my GTI- and this feels like a bigger/higher end/big-boy version of my GTI. Yes, they are expensive. Yes, they charge you extra for many things that others provide in their base prices....but, to me, it is well worth it. I looked at x3 M40i, Stelvio, Velar, etc and none of them comes close to the build quality, handling and overall performance of the Macan. BASE- absolutely good enough if you are not a performance junkee S- great all around, you won't regret spending the $ for it if you can afford it GTS- definitely the 'one to get' for the true Porsche experience in a CUV TURBO- certainly appealing but, IMHO, only if you load it up with the performance/handling features that are standard in the GTS but optional in the Turbo If you are considering a Macan- go for it- you will not regret it.
Report abuse

Used 2021 Porsche Macan in Virginia Beach, VA Values

Estimated values
2021 Porsche Macan S 4dr SUV AWD (3.0L 6cyl Turbo 7AM) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$35,189$38,019$40,853
Clean$34,639$37,415$40,193
Average$33,723$36,409$39,095
Rough$32,532$35,101$37,667

The average list price of a used 2021 Porsche Macan in Virginia Beach, Virginia is $43,307. The average mileage on a used Porsche Macan 2021 for sale in Virginia Beach, Virginia is 37,240. Based on the average mileage of 37,240 for used 2021 Porsche Macan for sale in Virginia Beach, VA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Porsche Macan 2021 in Virginia Beach, Virginia to be $33,723.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

EV Details

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.