Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
1,501 listings
    • 105,575 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 24 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • H&R Auto Motors (72 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 72 miles away from Austin, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (24 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 55SWF8DB9LU328055
    Stock: 328055
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 21,682 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • BMW of Dallas (185 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 185 miles away from Austin, TX

    Amg ® LineParking Assist PackageObsidian Black MetallicPanoramic RoofWheels: 19" Amg ® Twin 5-Spoke W/Black AccentsNight PackageBody Col...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1KWJ8DB8NG116147
    Stock: NG116147
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-09-2025

    • 17,655 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 23 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Dallas (184 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 184 miles away from Austin, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1KAF4HB4NR039411
    Stock: 2003679645
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-25-2025

    • 71,492 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 24 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • Clear Choice Automotive North (57 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 57 miles away from Austin, TX

    Quality used Cars, Trucks and SUVs for sale at Clear Choice Auto Sales! Dealership serving San Antonio, Universal City, Del Rio, Boerne, Laredo and su...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (24 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1KWF8DB1LR581551
    Stock: CC81551
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 23,990 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 23 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Mercedes-Benz of Houston North (139 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 139 miles away from Austin, TX

    Panorama SunroofMb NavigationPanoramic RoofNavigation SystemVentilated Front SeatsSiriusXM Satellite RadioHeated Steering WheelKeyless StartCo...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1KAF4HB0NR018099
    Stock: NR018099
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 08-25-2025

    • 25,475 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 25 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • Mercedes-Benz of Houston North (139 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 139 miles away from Austin, TX

    The following items have been reconditioned on this vehicle: new brakes! Wheels: 19" 5-SpokeSun/MoonroofVentilated Front SeatsBody Color Rear Sp...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1KAF4GB3NR031544
    Stock: NR031544
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 08-26-2025

  • New Listing
    • 23,198 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 24 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • Mercedes-Benz of Austin (5 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Austin, TX / 5 miles away from Austin, TX

    Silver 2020 Mercedes-Benz C-Class C 300 2.0L I4 Turbocharged RWDClean CARFAX.Odometer is 20142 miles below market average! Certified.Recent Arrival! T...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (24 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDWF8DB0LR531031
    Stock: MU27902A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 09-09-2025

    • 12,569 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Toyota of Dallas (189 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 189 miles away from Austin, TX

    Drive the Future: Discover the 2023 Mercedes-Benz C-Class C 300 in Lunar Blue Metallic, a Masterpiece of Performance and Sophistication for the Discer...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1KWJ8EB0PG129184
    Stock: PG129184
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-14-2025

    • 39,460 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Mercedes-Benz of Grapevine (188 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Grapevine, TX / 188 miles away from Austin, TX

    Certified. Polar White 2020 Mercedes-Benz C-Class C 300RWD 9-Speed Automatic 2.0L I4 Turbocharged12.3" Digital Instrument Cluster, Aluminum Pedals, ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1KWK8DB2LF989456
    Stock: PMC218011
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 08-19-2025

    • 38,779 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Bravo Nissan (169 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Baytown, TX / 169 miles away from Austin, TX

    GPS, Non-Smoker, Like New, Warranty, Tinted Windows with Lifetime Warranty, Android Auto, Apple Car Play, Auxiliary Audio Input, Blind Spot Alert, Blu...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 55SWF6EB1LU333284
    Stock: PB333284
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-08-2025

  • New Listing
    • 45,052 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Toyota of Dallas (189 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 189 miles away from Austin, TX

    Experience the Thrill of a 2022 Mercedes-Benz C-Class C 300: Where Luxury Meets Precision in Every Drive Step into the world of refined elegance with ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1KWJ8DB1NG113946
    Stock: NG113946
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-17-2025

    • 43,165 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 25 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • Mercedes-Benz of San Antonio (68 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 68 miles away from Austin, TX

    2022 Mercedes-Benz C-Class C 300 Black11.9" Center Touchscreen Display, 18" 5-Spoke Wheels, 4-way Power Driver's Lumbar Support, 4-Wheel Disc Brakes, ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1KAF4GB9NR018006
    Stock: 116971A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 08-28-2025

  • Stock photo**
    • 86,136 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 23 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • 35 Motors (162 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Alvin, TX / 162 miles away from Austin, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1KWF8DB5MR606694
    Stock: 606694
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-12-2025

    • 94,479 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Autos of Fort Worth (171 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Fort Worth, TX / 171 miles away from Austin, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDWJ8GB7LF977107
    Stock: P1527
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 81,470 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • E Auto Link (132 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 132 miles away from Austin, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1KWJ8DB4LG022666
    Stock: 022666
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 16,131 miles
    • 25 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • Mercedes-Benz of Grapevine (188 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Grapevine, TX / 188 miles away from Austin, TX

    2022 Mercedes-Benz C 300RWD 9-Speed Automatic 2.0L I4 Turbochargedhttps://www.ipacket.info/W1KAF4GB3NR044455 Click the AutoiPacket link on our web...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1KAF4GB3NR044455
    Stock: MC42490
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-18-2025

  • New Listing
    • 47,772 miles
    • 24 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Austin North (11 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Austin, TX / 11 miles away from Austin, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (24 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDWF8DB4LR526947
    Stock: 27671608
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 105,001 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 24 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • CARPOINT-DFW (193 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 193 miles away from Austin, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (24 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 55SWF8DB0LU324413
    Stock: 4413
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 23,005 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Auto Web Expo (198 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Plano, TX / 198 miles away from Austin, TX

    Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! 2022 Mercedes-Benz C-Class C 300 Turbocharged Luxury Sedan with Premium Features VIN: W1KWK8DB1NG114074 Step int...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1KWK8DB1NG114074
    Stock: P114074
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-31-2025

    • 13,472 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 25 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • Mercedes-Benz of Grapevine (188 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Grapevine, TX / 188 miles away from Austin, TX

    Certified. Lunar Blue Metallic 2023 Mercedes-Benz C 300RWD 9-Speed Automatic 2.0L I4 TurbochargedAdvanced USB Package, Burmester® 3D Surround Sound ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1KAF4GB7PR086257
    Stock: PMC218145
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 07-25-2025

    • 46,654 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Auto Boutique Texas (160 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Alvin, TX / 160 miles away from Austin, TX

    Auto Boutique is proud to offer excellent, pre-owned vehicles. With our no-haggle pricing policy, you can be sure you are getting the best deal possib...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1KWJ8GB5LF993452
    Stock: T26000
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-29-2025

Showing 64 - 84 out of 1,501 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Mercedes-Benz C-Class

Read recent reviews for the Mercedes-Benz C-Class
Overall Consumer Rating
4.3 out of 5 stars31 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 31 reviews
  • 5 star
    (71%)
  • 4 star
    (6%)
  • 3 star
    (6%)
  • 2 star
    (13%)
  • 1 star
    (3%)
5 out of 5 stars

Silver and Red Beauty

Joseph ATX, 10/27/2020
2020 Mercedes-Benz C-Class C 300 4MATIC 2dr Convertible AWD (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 9A)
I’ve had this car for over a year. I had to order the car to get silver with a red interior and top with the driver assist package. It’s a very comfortable car. I took a 4K mile road trip as soon as it arrived. On the road it got 32 to 33 mpg. The ride is smooth and the acceleration is good. The driver assist package has some nice features. I got it mainly for adaptive cruise control. … Mercedes makes it hard to get and expensive - driver assist requires the navigation package. There have been no mechanical issues in the past year. One complaint is the trunk can only be opened with the key fob or a release inside the car. Another is the ventilated seats are not cooled. They only blow air through the seats that is the same temperature as the air in the car making it a useless feature on a warm day with the top down. Overall I am pleased with this car and plan to drive it many years. I've had the car just over 2 years. There has only been one problem beyond regular maintenance. When putting the top down the cover that closes over the top was not going all the down. The local dealer lubricated the parts associated with lowering the top. That fixed the problem. It has worked perfectly since. Insurance is expensive. Before buying the car I had read that was the case with the C class. It cost more to insure this car than the two cars we had before this one (228i convertible and Golf R). After two years I am still happy with the car and will continue to drive it for many years. Edmunds is asking for an update at 2 years and 9 months. The starter battery had to be replaced. We don't put a lot of miles on the car. Mercedes told us we should drive more. The problem with the cover over the top closing completely came back. This time Mercedes replaced various cables in the top and the top liner. It has worked well since. Both the battery and top repair were under warranty. After almost 3 years I still enjoy driving this car. Edmunds is asking for an update at almost 4 years of owning this car. There have been no problems during the last year. I am still very satisfied with the car. It's been 5 years and Edmunds is asking to update my review. I've had no problems with the car since the last review. It's a low mileage car at 29K miles so far. I am satisfied with the car. After 5 years I usually want something different but I don't feel that way about this car. I will keep it for several more years. It is still beautiful in silver and red.
Report abuse

Used 2020 Mercedes-Benz C-Class in Austin, TX Values

Estimated values
2020 Mercedes-Benz C-Class C 300 4dr Sedan (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 9A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$19,454$21,881$24,221
Clean$19,023$21,381$23,652
Average$18,304$20,548$22,704
Rough$17,369$19,466$21,472

The average list price of a used 2020 Mercedes-Benz C-Class in Austin, Texas is $32,319. The average mileage on a used Mercedes-Benz C-Class 2020 for sale in Austin, Texas is 46,772. Based on the average mileage of 46,772 for used 2020 Mercedes-Benz C-Class for sale in Austin, TX and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Mercedes-Benz C-Class 2020 in Austin, Texas to be $18,304.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

EV Details

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.