Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
231 listings
  • New Listing
    • 54,069 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from PA to IL*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Mechanicsburg, PA / 591 miles away from Naperville, IL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SADCK2GX7JA321068
    Stock: 26468829
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 56,940 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MD to IL*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Gaithersburg, MD / 606 miles away from Naperville, IL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SADCJ2FX8JA321469
    Stock: 26997533
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 76,694 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 1,004 miles away from Naperville, IL

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SADCM2FV9JA288925
    Stock: 2003767769
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-24-2025

  • Selling or trading in?

    Know what your car is worth while you shop for your next vehicle.

    See my car’s value
  • New Listing
    • 32,521 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to IL*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 924 miles away from Naperville, IL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SADCT2EX9RA735805
    Stock: 27183994
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $46,272
    great price
    $5,149 below market
    • 10,938 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Huntley Ford (31 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Huntley, IL / 31 miles away from Naperville, IL

    2025 Jaguar F-PACE 13 Speakers, Heated Front Sport Seats, Heated steering wheel, Illuminated entry, Leather Shift Knob, Leather steering wheel, Memory...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SADCT2EX7SA742323
    Stock: S1019
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-02-2025

    • Not provided
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • South Shore Jaguar Land Rover (44 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Crown Point, IN / 44 miles away from Naperville, IL

    South Shore Protection Package includes: Standard Paint Protection Plan for 1 Year, Nitrogen Tire Inflation, 1 Year Tire road hazard damage warranty, ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SADCT2EX6TA755906
    Stock: J26008
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-25-2025

    • 47,803 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 26 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Luxury Car Outlet (11 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in West Chicago, IL / 11 miles away from Naperville, IL

    ***3 PREVIOUS OWNERS***BACK UP CAMERA***GREAT DIESEL MPG***VERY CLEAN***LOW MILEAGE ONLY 46,000***2.0D PREMIUM, ALL WHEEL DRIVE, TOUCHSCREEN NAVIGATIO...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SADCJ2FN1JA269360
    Stock: 4227
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-16-2024

  • New Listing
    $47,998
    great price
    $9,847 below market
    • 16,426 miles
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NC to IL*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Raleigh, NC / 649 miles away from Naperville, IL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SADCT2EX4SA743610
    Stock: 27574250
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 51,592 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Fletcher Jones Audi (31 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 31 miles away from Naperville, IL

    *Fletcher Jones Audi does not reserve or hold advertised vehicles, all are subject to prior sale on a first come first serve basis. Customer must ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SADCM2FV9JA326069
    Stock: A29288A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-29-2025

  • New Listing
    • 33,719 miles
    • 5 Seats, 26 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MD to IL*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Laurel, MD / 624 miles away from Naperville, IL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SADCK2FN1JA252068
    Stock: 27301397
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 45,981 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CO to IL*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Federal Heights, CO / 887 miles away from Naperville, IL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SADCJ2EV1JA248137
    Stock: 27157051
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 53,065 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TN to IL*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Chattanooga, TN / 489 miles away from Naperville, IL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SADCL2GXXJA324902
    Stock: 26934856
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 40,834 miles
    • 2 accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TN to IL*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Bristol, TN / 476 miles away from Naperville, IL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SADCM2FV1JA299935
    Stock: 26641386
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 84,089 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Car Planet (31 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Chicago Heights, IL / 31 miles away from Naperville, IL

    Visit Car Planet online at gocarplanet.com to see more pictures of this vehicle or call us at 7**-2**-0*** today to schedule your test drive.

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SADCJ2EV7JA251298
    Stock: CQ458
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-10-2025

  • $58,997
    good price
    $5,398 below market
    • 7,404 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Jaguar Hinsdale (16 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Hinsdale, IL / 16 miles away from Naperville, IL

    **6-YEAR UNLIMITED MILEAGE WARRANTY INCLUDEDJaguar Approved Certified Pre-Owned F -PACE **Panoramic Roof**, **Navigation**, **BLUETOOTH**, **Backup ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SADCT2EX2SA746635
    Stock: XJ25009
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes

  • $49,980
    good price
    $4,030 below market
    • 5,579 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Jaguar of Naperville (4 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Naperville, IL / 4 miles away from Naperville, IL

    Notes on This Vehicle:Moon/Sunroof, Android Auto, Backup Camera, Navigation, Apple CarPlay, Heated Seats, Bluetooth, Heated Steering, Premium Meridian...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SADCT2EX1SA749607
    Stock: J25018
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes

  • $52,980
    great price
    $6,887 below market
    • 9,373 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Mission Viejo, CA / 1,695 miles away from Naperville, IL

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SADCT2EX2SA746456
    Stock: RSA746456
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $51,888
    fair price
    $2,266 below market
    • 11,146 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Old Orchard Nissan (33 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Skokie, IL / 33 miles away from Naperville, IL

    Recent Arrival!Clean CARFAX.22/27 City/Highway MPG 22/27 City/Highway MPGP2502025 Jaguar F-PACE P250Fuji White 2.0L I4 Turbocharged AWD 8-Speed Autom...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SADCT2EX6SA744208
    Stock: T1367
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-03-2025

  • $17,490
    good price
    $1,847 below market
    • 77,756 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Coda Motors (14 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Willowbrook, IL / 14 miles away from Naperville, IL

    Coda Motors Sales Dept 60 Shore Drive Burr Ridge, IL 60*** 6**-7**-2277 Odometer is 6201 miles below market average!18/23 City/Highway MPG2017 Jaguar ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SADCL2BV7HA065351
    Stock: P3307
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-13-2024

  • Price Drop
    $13,885
    fair price
    $320 below market
    • 100,061 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Wiers Chevrolet GMC (63 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Demotte, IN / 63 miles away from Naperville, IL

    Vehicle DetailsExperience luxury and performance with this 2017 Jaguar F-Pace 35t Premium, now available at our dealership. This exquisite SUV combine...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SADCJ2BV1HA065478
    Stock: FP364
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-12-2025

  • $15,800
    fair price
    $7 below market
    • 79,484 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Mike Haggerty Buick GMC (24 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Oak Lawn, IL / 24 miles away from Naperville, IL

    Bluetooth !, USB PORTS!, REARVIEW CAMERA!, 11 Speakers, 3-Stage Heated Front Bucket Seats, 4-Wheel Disc Brakes, ABS brakes, Air Conditioning, Alloy w...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SADCK2BV3HA071649
    Stock: P1496
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-11-2024

Showing 190 - 210 out of 231 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Jaguar F-PACE

Read recent reviews for the Jaguar F-PACE
Overall Consumer Rating
4.1 out of 5 stars46 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 46 reviews
  • 5 star
    (65%)
  • 4 star
    (13%)
  • 3 star
    (2%)
  • 2 star
    (4%)
  • 1 star
    (15%)
5 out of 5 stars

Sporty Family Crossover

D H, 04/02/2020
2020 Jaguar F-PACE 25t Prestige 4dr SUV AWD (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 8A)
This car is underrated. It’s quick, handles great and has plenty of room for 2 kids and their stuff. Getting them in and out of car seats is also easy. Car isn’t to low or high but great level for loading and unloading. Super comfortable on the highway with minimal road noise and getting around 27 mpg. Love the steering wheel and stiffer suspension that make it feel like you’re driving a … sports car. Touchscreen is huge and works well. Car is covered by an excellent warranty for peace of mind. Only gripes, they are minor, are heated/ventilated seats accessed only through touchscreen(there is a physical button to shortcut to this section though) and occasionally on startup the touchscreen responds a little slowly (restarting the vehicle, much like a cell phone restart seems to resolve it). Excellent crossover.
Report abuse

Used 2018 Jaguar F-PACE in Naperville, IL Values

Estimated values
2018 Jaguar F-PACE 30t Prestige 4dr SUV AWD (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$13,752$17,244$20,113
Clean$13,417$16,814$19,601
Average$12,859$16,098$18,748
Rough$12,134$15,168$17,638

The average list price of a used 2018 Jaguar F-PACE in Naperville, Illinois is $33,983. The average mileage on a used Jaguar F-PACE 2018 for sale in Naperville, Illinois is 44,774. Based on the average mileage of 44,774 for used 2018 Jaguar F-PACE for sale in Naperville, IL and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Jaguar F-PACE 2018 in Naperville, Illinois to be $12,859.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.