Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
184 listings
  • New Listing
    $35,998
    fair price
    $271 above market
    • 20,467 miles
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from SC to VA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Greenville, SC / 402 miles away from Alexandria, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SADCJ2EX4MA665113
    Stock: 26675124
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $53,590
    fair price
    $2,394 above market
    • 33,691 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 15 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 812 miles away from Alexandria, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SADCZ2EE7MA668711
    Stock: 2003801234
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-10-2025

  • New Listing
    • 17,600 miles
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from GA to VA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Kennesaw, GA / 534 miles away from Alexandria, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SADCJ2EXXMA680926
    Stock: 27432133
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Selling or trading in?

    Know what your car is worth while you shop for your next vehicle.

    See my car’s value
  • Price Drop
    • 29,991 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 15 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Buffalo, NY / 291 miles away from Alexandria, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SADCZ2EE2MA680944
    Stock: 2003687807
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-29-2025

  • $49,943
    great price
    $7,688 below market
    • 6,733 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Land Rover Bethesda (15 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in North Bethesda, MD / 15 miles away from Alexandria, VA

    Driver Intelligence PackPanoramic RoofInteractive Driver DisplayLeather SeatsPremium Interior Protection Pack (W/O Full Spare)Navigation SystemB...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SADCT2FU5RA728371
    Stock: RA728371
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-05-2024

  • Price Drop
    $53,949
    great price
    $8,179 below market
    • 4,156 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Land Rover Bethesda (15 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in North Bethesda, MD / 15 miles away from Alexandria, VA

    Heated & Cooled Front Performance SeatsDriver Intelligence PackCarpathian Grey Premium MetallicWheels: 20" Gloss Black (Style 1067)Panoramic Roof...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SADCT2FU6RA738486
    Stock: RA738486
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-01-2025

    • 41,600 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Laurel (25 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Laurel, MD / 25 miles away from Alexandria, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SADCK2GX1KA390338
    Stock: 27170790
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 19,137 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CO to VA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Parker, CO / 1,478 miles away from Alexandria, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SADCJ2EX5MA668070
    Stock: 27414745
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 63,258 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Action Automotive (6 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Alexandria, VA / 6 miles away from Alexandria, VA

    ? 2019 Jaguar F-PACE 25t Prestige – Santorini Black Metallic 247HP Turbo Elegance, Power & Pure Jaguar DNA ?Step up to a luxury SUV that does it all...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SADCK2FX2KA397820
    Stock: P6137
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 21,936 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NV to VA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Las Vegas, NV / 2,085 miles away from Alexandria, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SADCJ2EX3MA666320
    Stock: 27260866
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Stock photo**
    • 20,906 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 15 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Lindsay Volkswagen of Dulles (22 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Sterling, VA / 22 miles away from Alexandria, VA

    ONE OWNER, HEATED WINDSHIELD!!, F-PACE SVR, 4D Sport Utility, 5.0L V8 Supercharged, 8-Speed Automatic, AWD, Santorini Black, Siena Tan/Ebony/Siena Tan...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SADCZ2EE7PA703803
    Stock: VP14794
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-10-2025

    • 26,509 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Jaguar Richmond (96 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Midlothian, VA / 96 miles away from Alexandria, VA

    You won't want to miss this excellent value! Ingenuity, refinefinement, and spohistication all rolled into one vehicle. A turbocharger is also include...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SADCJ2EX3MA678371
    Stock: V3874
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes

  • New Listing
    • 95,908 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 26 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Virginia Auto Trader Co (5 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Arlington, VA / 5 miles away from Alexandria, VA

    2019 JAGUAR F-PACE ALL WHEEL DRIVE with powerful 2.0L i4 Turbocharged (180HP) -inc Direct injection engine and driven only 95908 miles! Fully loaded a...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SADCK2FN3KA602950
    Stock: 2649
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 28,609 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 1,223 miles away from Alexandria, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SADCJ2EXXMA686970
    Stock: 2003806288
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-16-2025

  • Price Drop
    $48,449
    great price
    $4,448 below market
    • 5,148 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Land Rover Bethesda (15 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in North Bethesda, MD / 15 miles away from Alexandria, VA

    Wheels: 20" Gloss Black (Style 1067)Adaptive DynamicsPanoramic RoofInteractive Driver DisplayGloss Black Roof RailsLeather SeatsPremium Interior...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SADCT2EX8RA739974
    Stock: RA739974
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-01-2025

    • 39,546 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Rich Morton Mazda (34 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Pasadena, MD / 34 miles away from Alexandria, VA

    2019 Jaguar F-PACE Yulong White Metallic AWD 8-Speed Automatic Clean CARFAX. CARFAX One-Owner. SVR 5.0L V8 ABS brakes, Alloy wheels, Compass, Electron...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SADCZ2EE3KA607675
    Stock: 607675P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-08-2022

  • $46,999
    great price
    $4,740 below market
    • 10,508 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Select Auto Imports (3 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Alexandria, VA / 3 miles away from Alexandria, VA

    ORIGINAL MSRP $63,995.00*Still under FULL Factory Warranty up to 01/30/2029 or 60,000 miles, whichever comes first.*14-Way Performance Heated & Co...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SADCT2EX8RA720471
    Stock: 22761
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-30-2025

    • 46,418 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to VA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Ontario, CA / 2,255 miles away from Alexandria, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SADCK2EX2MA680481
    Stock: 27593472
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 41,306 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NC to VA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 324 miles away from Alexandria, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SADCT2FUXMA669455
    Stock: 27282560
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 61,469 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 490 miles away from Alexandria, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SADCJ2EX0MA666503
    Stock: 2003759093
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-31-2025

  • New Listing
    • 64,300 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 812 miles away from Alexandria, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SADCJ2EX9MA685289
    Stock: 2003770529
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-31-2025

Showing 22 - 42 out of 184 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Jaguar F-PACE

Read recent reviews for the Jaguar F-PACE
Overall Consumer Rating
4.1 out of 5 stars46 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 46 reviews
  • 5 star
    (65%)
  • 4 star
    (13%)
  • 3 star
    (2%)
  • 2 star
    (4%)
  • 1 star
    (15%)
5 out of 5 stars

Sporty Family Crossover

D H, 04/02/2020
2020 Jaguar F-PACE 25t Prestige 4dr SUV AWD (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 8A)
This car is underrated. It’s quick, handles great and has plenty of room for 2 kids and their stuff. Getting them in and out of car seats is also easy. Car isn’t to low or high but great level for loading and unloading. Super comfortable on the highway with minimal road noise and getting around 27 mpg. Love the steering wheel and stiffer suspension that make it feel like you’re driving a … sports car. Touchscreen is huge and works well. Car is covered by an excellent warranty for peace of mind. Only gripes, they are minor, are heated/ventilated seats accessed only through touchscreen(there is a physical button to shortcut to this section though) and occasionally on startup the touchscreen responds a little slowly (restarting the vehicle, much like a cell phone restart seems to resolve it). Excellent crossover.
Report abuse

Used 2021 Jaguar F-PACE in Alexandria, VA Values

Estimated values
2021 Jaguar F-PACE P250 S 4dr SUV AWD (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$29,061$30,361$31,663
Clean$28,607$29,879$31,152
Average$27,851$29,076$30,300
Rough$26,867$28,031$29,193

The average list price of a used 2021 Jaguar F-PACE in Alexandria, Virginia is $41,273. The average mileage on a used Jaguar F-PACE 2021 for sale in Alexandria, Virginia is 33,295. Based on the average mileage of 33,295 for used 2021 Jaguar F-PACE for sale in Alexandria, VA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Jaguar F-PACE 2021 in Alexandria, Virginia to be $27,851.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.