Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
47 listings

Save with Porsche Taycan rebates
Check your savings potential before you buy

  • New Listing
    $57,885
    great price
    $6,092 below market
    • 25,323 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 222 - 230 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Audi Chandler (8 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Chandler, AZ / 8 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    68/71 City/Highway MPG At Audi Chandler we strive to make your Luxury buying experience a "Luxury" experience. Free Carfax on every car, Call, Click, ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AB2Y10LSA52201
    Stock: AP06983A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-19-2025

  • New Listing
    $57,885
    fair price
    $1,205 above market
    • 24,175 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use
    • 222 - 230 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Audi Chandler (8 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Chandler, AZ / 8 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    68/71 City/Highway MPG Free Carfax on every car, Call, Click, or stop by.

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AB2Y19LSA50091
    Stock: AP06998
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-01-2025

  • Price Drop
    $52,848
    fair price
    $492 below market
    • 48,035 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 221 - 230 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • BMW North Scottsdale (15 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 15 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    Taycan 4S, 4D Sedan, Electric Motor, 2-Speed Automatic, AWD, Carrara White Metallic, Black/Bordeaux Red w/Leather Seat Trim.68/71 City/Highway MPG *...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AB2Y19LSA54366
    Stock: B42498A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-19-2025

  • New Listing
    • 76,297 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 221 - 229 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Carvana - Phoenix (11 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 11 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AB2Y1XLSA52285
    Stock: 2003901571
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-17-2025

    • 17,200 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 230 - 238 mi est. range
    • Excellent battery score
    • Certified Benz & Beemer (3 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Scottsdale, AZ / 3 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    **$119,750 ORIGINAL MSRP**PREMIUM PACKAGE($5,860)**CHALK/BLACK LEATHER INTERIOR($4,700)**21" CROSS TURISMO DESIGN WHEELS($4,680)**PORSCHE INNODRIVE W/...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0BA2Y15MSA71206
    Stock: 24673
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-30-2025

  • New Listing
    • 18,517 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 236 - 245 mi est. range
    • Excellent battery score
    • Audi Chandler (8 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Chandler, AZ / 8 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    Odometer is 10469 miles below market average! Free Carfax on every car, Call, Click, or stop by.

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AA2Y12MSA13906
    Stock: AP06975A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-18-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 56,387 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 227 - 236 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Auto Boom (13 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Scottsdale, AZ / 13 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    Welcome to Auto Boom of North Scottsdale. We are pleased to present this, 2021 Porsche Taycan Turbo AWD 2-Speed Automatic Electric MotorThis Vehicle...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AC2Y19MSA63390
    Stock: AB772
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-25-2025

  • New Listing
    $88,998
    good price
    $2,636 below market
    • 19,214 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 220 - 229 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to AZ*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Costa Mesa, CA / 345 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AC2Y15LSA70660
    Stock: 27429105
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 8,196 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 222 - 230 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 877 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AB2Y18LSA53578
    Stock: 2003872610
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-12-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 997 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 214 - 223 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Mercedes-Benz of Scottsdale (5 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Scottsdale, AZ / 5 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    ABOUT THIS VEHICLE This outstanding example of a 2020 Porsche Taycan Turbo Sedan is offered by Mercedes-Benz of Scottsdale. This Porsche includes: BLA...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AC2Y14LSA70617
    Stock: P8094
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-25-2025

    • 15,272 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 222 - 230 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from WA to AZ*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Puyallup, WA / 1,095 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AB2Y14LSA50872
    Stock: 27455099
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 28,982 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 220 - 229 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Porsche of Tucson (104 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Tucson, AZ / 104 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    At Porsche Tucson, every pre-owned vehicle we offer goes through a comprehensive safety inspection, ensuring each car is driver-ready and up to the hi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AC2Y11LSA70378
    Stock: P2570078
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-17-2025

  • New Listing
    $62,990
    good price
    $3,967 below market
    • 23,772 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 237 - 246 mi est. range
    • Excellent battery score
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in San Franciso, CA / 661 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AB2Y19MSA44924
    Stock: 2003880332
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-13-2025

  • $89,901
    fair price
    $3,375 below market
    • 18,035 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 220 - 229 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • 101Motors (2 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Tempe, AZ / 2 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    2021 Porsche Taycan Turbo S Cherry Metallic / Black/Chalk 101 Motors is proud to present this stunning 2021 Porsche Taycan Turbo S finished in Cherry ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AC2Y13MSA62445
    Stock: A62445
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-09-2025

  • $108,274
    fair price
    $1,105 above market
    • 3,072 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 220 - 229 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Pinnacle Peak Auto Sales (1 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Tempe, AZ / 1 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    2021 Porsche Taycan Turbo S Only 3,072 Miles | Ultra-Low Mile EV Super SedanPinnacle Peak Auto Sales Scottsdale, AZCall/Text: (4**) 5**-4***5-Star Rat...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AC2Y1XMSA62197
    Stock: A62197
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-01-2025

  • New Listing
    $55,990
    fair price
    $179 below market
    • 21,628 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 236 - 245 mi est. range
    • Excellent battery score
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 1,940 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AA2Y14MSA17228
    Stock: 2003932137
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-26-2025

  • $77,990
    good price
    $1,722 below market
    • 39,481 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 253 - 261 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Paramount Auto Sales (107 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Tucson, AZ / 107 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    CALL FOR DETAILS!!!MSRP$135,970.00Installed options[48D] Wheels: 21' RS Spyder Design$2,920[A1] Black$0[GD] Carmine Red, GTS Interior Package Seat Tri...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AD2Y1XPSA47894
    Stock: A47894
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $57,998
    fair price
    $856 below market
    • 47,592 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 232 - 243 mi est. range
    • Excellent battery score
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from WA to AZ*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Renton, WA / 1,107 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AB2Y17MSA40967
    Stock: 27013473
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $54,990
    fair price
    • 18,173 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 236 - 245 mi est. range
    • Excellent battery score
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 994 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AA2Y16MSA17327
    Stock: 2003923770
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-26-2025

  • New Listing
    $54,590
    good price
    $4,121 below market
    • 46,146 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 231 - 242 mi est. range
    • Excellent battery score
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Birmingham, AL / 1,444 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AB2Y14MSA43325
    Stock: 2003528563
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-05-2025

  • New Listing
    $52,900
    fair price
    $254 above market
    • 37,549 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 236 - 244 mi est. range
    • Excellent battery score
    • Porsche Chandler (13 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Chandler, AZ / 13 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    Heated Leather Seats, Moonroof, Nav System, Keyless Start, Bluetooth, iPod/MP3 Input, Power Liftgate, Satellite Radio, PREMIUM PACKAGE, REAR 2+1 SEATS...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AA2Y12MSA14828
    Stock: 5T025A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 07-28-2025

Showing 1 - 21 out of 47 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Porsche Taycan

Read recent reviews for the Porsche Taycan
Overall Consumer Rating
3.6 out of 5 stars18 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 18 reviews
  • 5 star
    (50%)
  • 4 star
    (0%)
  • 3 star
    (28%)
  • 2 star
    (6%)
  • 1 star
    (17%)
1 out of 5 stars

Software issues

Todd Engel, 05/07/2021
2020 Porsche Taycan Turbo 4dr Sedan AWD (electric 2AM)
Be wise!!! Make sure you speak with actual Taycan owners before you buy. This is the inaugural year and there’s been nothing but problems. My car has been in the service garage almost 1/2 of the time I’ve owned it. SOFTWARE issues is all I hear when I inquire as I continue to make my monthly payments without having my car. My brakes failed because of a software issue, my charger … overheated because of the “major” software issue and my car slammed I’m the brakes on its own because the sensor “thought” it saw on oncoming vehicle. This has been a resentful and extremely disappointing purchase. If you’ve ever had your car broken into, you’ll understand the feeling on complete violation of personal property and space! This is exactly how I feel about this vehicle even if they “fix” it and return it to me. Porsche has responded to me with “we’re looking into this matter and will reach out shortly”... as I am without a $175,000.00 Taycan Turbo which I just bought 5 months ago and is sitting at the dealership.
Report abuse

Used 2020 Porsche Taycan in Tempe, AZ Values

Estimated values
2020 Porsche Taycan 4S 4dr Sedan AWD (electric 2A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$47,087$51,544$55,884
Clean$45,852$50,088$54,194
Average$43,793$47,661$51,377
Rough$41,117$44,506$47,715

The average list price of a used 2020 Porsche Taycan in Tempe, Arizona is $67,585. The average mileage on a used Porsche Taycan 2020 for sale in Tempe, Arizona is 28,288. Based on the average mileage of 28,288 for used 2020 Porsche Taycan for sale in Tempe, AZ and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Porsche Taycan 2020 in Tempe, Arizona to be $43,793.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

EV Details

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.