Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
328 listings

Save with Porsche Taycan rebates
Check your savings potential before you buy

    • 32,785 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 220 - 228 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Perfect Auto Collection (190 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Akron, OH / 190 miles away from Charleston, WV

    2021 PORSCHE TAYCAN TURBO S VOLCANO GREY METALLIC, BURMESTER AUDIO, PREMIUM PACKAGE, SPORT STEERING WHEEL, ADAPTIVE CRUISE, 150kW DC CHARGING<b...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AC2Y18MSA62408
    Stock: A-A62408
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-11-2025

  • New Listing
    • 31,280 miles
    • Lemon reported, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 237 - 246 mi est. range
    • Excellent battery score
    • Drive A Dream (343 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Marietta, GA / 343 miles away from Charleston, WV

    TAYCAN 4S! LOADED! AWD! FREE SHIPPING! NAVIGATION SYSTEM, LEATHER HEATED COOLED SEATS, PANORAMIC SUNROOF, ALL AROUND VIEW CAMERA, SMART KEY, PUSH BUTT...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: Yes

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AB2Y14MSA41817
    Stock: MSA41817
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-23-2025

  • New Listing
    • 33,632 miles
    • Lemon reported, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 236 - 245 mi est. range
    • Excellent battery score
    • Magnetism Motors (334 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Lawrenceville, GA / 334 miles away from Charleston, WV

    This 2021 Porsche Taycan 4dr RWD with $17k in options! features a ELECTRIC MOTOR Electric engine. It is equipped with a 2 Speed Automatic transmission...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: Yes

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AA2Y18MSA14865
    Stock: MSA14865
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-24-2025

    • 2,982 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 234 - 244 mi est. range
    • Excellent battery score
    • Porsche Arlington (249 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Arlington, VA / 249 miles away from Charleston, WV

    * MSRP: $124,000.00 * Total Options: $18,850.00* Exterior Color: White* Interior Color: Standard Interior in Black* Premium package, $7,170.00, includ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AB2Y14MSA44278
    Stock: A44278PA
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-21-2024

  • $50,000
    great price
    $6,244 below market
    • 34,955 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 235 - 243 mi est. range
    • Excellent battery score
    • Koons Tysons Toyota (240 mi away)
    • Five Star Dealer
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Vienna, VA / 240 miles away from Charleston, WV

    VEHICLE PROFESSIONALLY DETAILED, GOOD TIRES, GOOD BRAKES, RECENT TRADE, 4-Wheel Disc Brakes, ABS brakes, Air Conditioning, Automatic temperature contr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AA2Y13NSA16816
    Stock: KTTS220028
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-16-2025

  • $49,452
    fair price
    $271 above market
    • 52,585 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use
    • 226 - 239 mi est. range
    • Excellent battery score
    • South Shore Mitsubishi (458 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Freeport, NY / 458 miles away from Charleston, WV

    Carfax One-Owner Vehicle. This Porsche Taycan delivers a Electric engine powering this Automatic transmission. Window Grid Diversity Antenna, Wheels: ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AA2Y10MSA18151
    Stock: A18151
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-10-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 17,761 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 237 - 246 mi est. range
    • Excellent battery score
    • Twins Auto of Dublin (145 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Dublin, OH / 145 miles away from Charleston, WV

    YOU ALWAYS WIN AT TWINS OF DUBLIN.2021 Porsche Taycan 4S **PANORAMIC ROOF**, **NAVIGATION**, **USB PORTS**, **ALL WHEEL DRIVE**, **APPLE AND ANDROID ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AB2Y18MSA45093
    Stock: D4395
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-20-2025

  • $67,800
    great price
    $9,368 below market
    • 56,169 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 213 - 222 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Harper Porsche (217 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Knoxville, TN / 217 miles away from Charleston, WV

    2020 Porsche Taycan Turbo AWD in White over Black Full Leather interior. Electric Motor mated to a 2-Speed Automatic Transmission. For all options, pl...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AC2Y18LSA71740
    Stock: 2221P
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 07-01-2025

  • New Listing
    • 18,875 miles
    • 199 mi range
    • Porsche Owings Mills (270 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Owings Mills, MD / 270 miles away from Charleston, WV

    2021 Porsche Taycan 4S Neptune BlueVisit Porsche Owings Mills to see our in-stock, new vehicle Porsche inventory. Call us today with questions about a...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AB2Y17MSA42766
    Stock: P1199A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-27-2025

  • $54,800
    good price
    $5,117 below market
    • 25,138 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 222 - 230 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Autoshow (426 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Neptune City, NJ / 426 miles away from Charleston, WV

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AB2Y10LSA54109
    Stock: A54109
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 31,032 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 220 - 229 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 932 miles away from Charleston, WV

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AC2Y16LSA71333
    Stock: 2003905658
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-22-2025

  • $56,972
    good price
    $5,339 below market
    • 14,398 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 222 - 230 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Old Orchard Nissan (412 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Skokie, IL / 412 miles away from Charleston, WV

    Odometer is 23474 miles below market average! 68/71 City/Highway MPG 68/71 City/Highway MPG4S2020 Porsche Taycan 4SWhite Electric Motor AWD 2-Speed Au...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AB2Y17LSA54026
    Stock: Z1066
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-27-2025

  • $50,600
    good price
    $3,154 below market
    • 54,555 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 221 - 229 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Classic Ford (213 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Shelby, NC / 213 miles away from Charleston, WV

    This 2020 Porsche Taycan 4S, has a Carrara White Metallic exterior and an Black interior color. 54555 miles. Stock Number T940036Z. You can connect wi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AB2Y15LSA50668
    Stock: T940036Z
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-12-2025

  • $83,995
    fair price
    $1,564 below market
    • 10,779 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 220 - 229 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Paul Miller Porsche (421 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Parsippany, NJ / 421 miles away from Charleston, WV

    *** 100% Online Purchase Available ***Certified. Volcano Grey Metallic 2020 Porsche Taycan Turbo AWD 2-Speed Automatic Electric MotorOdometer is 15691...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AC2Y10LSA70226
    Stock: I9548C
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 07-02-2025

  • $57,450
    good price
    $2,201 below market
    • 22,162 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 235 - 244 mi est. range
    • Excellent battery score
    • Fishers Imports (259 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Fishers, IN / 259 miles away from Charleston, WV

    The Porsche Taycan is an exceptional vehicle that blends performance, luxury, and cutting-edge technology. This model comes fully equipped with premiu...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AA2Y18NSA12101
    Stock: I2101
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-05-2025

  • $58,335
    good price
    $2,613 below market
    • 37,449 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 235 - 244 mi est. range
    • Excellent battery score
    • Universal Auto Group (251 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Silver Spring, MD / 251 miles away from Charleston, WV

    $113,160 ORIGINAL MSRP RARE BUILD W/ TECHNOLOGY PACKAGE PERFORMANCE BATTERY PLUS CLEAN CARFAX 1-OWNER FACTORY WARRANTY REMAINING PROFESSIONALLY DETAIL...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AA2Y19NSA13256
    Stock: 17732
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-18-2025

  • $56,985
    fair price
    $1,078 below market
    • 20,979 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 236 - 244 mi est. range
    • Excellent battery score
    • VC Cars Gwinnett (334 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Duluth, GA / 334 miles away from Charleston, WV

    ***PLEASE CALL US FOR A FREE CARFAX REPORT AT 678-869-1900 *** Extended warranty coverage is available for all vehicles upon request. Pricing is dete...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AA2Y10NSA12304
    Stock: WA12304
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $90,681
    fair price
    $1,387 below market
    • 18,893 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 253 - 261 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Porsche Silver Spring (257 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Silver Spring, MD / 257 miles away from Charleston, WV

    2022 Porsche Taycan GTS finished in Volcano Grey Metallic w/ Black Leather Interior. Equipped with Premium Package, 21" RS Spyder Design Wheels, Adapt...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AD2Y16NSA59229
    Stock: P50285A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-31-2025

  • $94,188
    fair price
    $1,618 below market
    • 18,520 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 214 - 223 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Porsche Brooklyn (436 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Brooklyn, NY / 436 miles away from Charleston, WV

    Certified. Jet Black Metallic 2020 Porsche Taycan 4D Sedan Turbo S AWD 2-Speed Automatic Electric Motor ABS brakes, Alloy wheels, Compass, Electronic ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AC2Y19LSA71813
    Stock: 40336P
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 03-21-2025

  • $63,994
    fair price
    $1,714 above market
    • 3,094 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 236 - 245 mi est. range
    • Excellent battery score
    • Porsche Delaware (330 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Newark, DE / 330 miles away from Charleston, WV

    PACPO - Porsche Approved Certified Pre-OwnedOriginal warranty start date 3/25/2024!!!!2022 Porsche Taycan $82,700AA Standard Interior in BlackF0 Dolom...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AA2Y1XNSA13430
    Stock: R2707P
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-10-2025

  • $57,995
    fair price
    $784 below market
    • 22,825 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 235 - 243 mi est. range
    • Excellent battery score
    • Mercedes-Benz of Little Silver (428 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Little Silver, NJ / 428 miles away from Charleston, WV

    Recent Arrival! Mercedes-Benz of Little Silver is proud to present this...White 2022 Porsche Taycan Base Electric Motor 2-Speed Automatic RWDCARFAX ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AA2Y18NSA16455
    Stock: MB1890A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-27-2025

Showing 22 - 42 out of 328 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Porsche Taycan

Read recent reviews for the Porsche Taycan
Overall Consumer Rating
3.6 out of 5 stars18 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 18 reviews
  • 5 star
    (50%)
  • 4 star
    (0%)
  • 3 star
    (28%)
  • 2 star
    (6%)
  • 1 star
    (17%)
1 out of 5 stars

Software issues

Todd Engel, 05/07/2021
2020 Porsche Taycan Turbo 4dr Sedan AWD (electric 2AM)
Be wise!!! Make sure you speak with actual Taycan owners before you buy. This is the inaugural year and there’s been nothing but problems. My car has been in the service garage almost 1/2 of the time I’ve owned it. SOFTWARE issues is all I hear when I inquire as I continue to make my monthly payments without having my car. My brakes failed because of a software issue, my charger … overheated because of the “major” software issue and my car slammed I’m the brakes on its own because the sensor “thought” it saw on oncoming vehicle. This has been a resentful and extremely disappointing purchase. If you’ve ever had your car broken into, you’ll understand the feeling on complete violation of personal property and space! This is exactly how I feel about this vehicle even if they “fix” it and return it to me. Porsche has responded to me with “we’re looking into this matter and will reach out shortly”... as I am without a $175,000.00 Taycan Turbo which I just bought 5 months ago and is sitting at the dealership.
Report abuse

Used 2021 Porsche Taycan in Charleston, WV Values

Estimated values
2021 Porsche Taycan Turbo S 4dr Sedan AWD (electric 2A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$79,821$85,887$92,018
Clean$78,155$83,916$89,719
Average$75,377$80,632$85,887
Rough$71,766$76,362$80,906

The average list price of a used 2021 Porsche Taycan in Charleston, West Virginia is $64,806. The average mileage on a used Porsche Taycan 2021 for sale in Charleston, West Virginia is 26,707. Based on the average mileage of 26,707 for used 2021 Porsche Taycan for sale in Charleston, WV and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Porsche Taycan 2021 in Charleston, West Virginia to be $75,377.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

EV Details

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.