Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
159 listings
    • 9,742 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 902 miles away from Worcester, MA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAD75M0451535
    Stock: 2003689171
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-26-2025

  • New Listing
    • 37,855 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 2,589 miles away from Worcester, MA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NC2NF6F0239048
    Stock: 2003633848
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-04-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 28,414 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl manual
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from FL to MA*
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    • Soft Top
    Close

    Located in Lakeland, FL / 1,133 miles away from Worcester, MA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NC2JF0F0241710
    Stock: 27322012
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 9,402 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Seacoast Mazda (76 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Portsmouth, NH / 76 miles away from Worcester, MA

    Certified. Zircon Sand 2023 Mazda MX-5 Miata Grand Touring RWD 6-Speed Automatic 2.0L 4-Cylinder DOHC 16VRecent Arrival! 26/35 City/Highway MPGMaz...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAD70P0557444
    Stock: U2015
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-01-2025

    • 27,535 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl manual
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Philadelphia, PA / 231 miles away from Worcester, MA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NC2PF6F0239242
    Stock: 2003709253
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-02-2025

  • New Listing
    • 68,761 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from OH to MA*
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 696 miles away from Worcester, MA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NC2NF3F0242411
    Stock: 26978654
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 56,680 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to MA*
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    • Audio and cruise con...
    Close

    Located in Pleasanton, CA / 2,630 miles away from Worcester, MA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NC2MF8F0237724
    Stock: 26796964
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 77,028 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • PBs AUTO VILLAGE (66 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    • Audio and cruise con...
    Close

    Located in Hampton Falls, NH / 66 miles away from Worcester, MA

    2-Owner. No Accidents. Clean Auto Check. Power Convertible Hard Top. Club Package. Heated Leather Seats. Power Windows and Locks. Cruise Control. BOSE...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NC2MF1F0239816
    Stock: 239816
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-27-2025

    • 29,388 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to MA*
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    • Soft Top
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 1,716 miles away from Worcester, MA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NC2JF2F0241336
    Stock: 27056986
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $28,998
    fair price
    $203 below market
    • 5,700 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl manual
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to MA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Murrieta, CA / 2,515 miles away from Worcester, MA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAD72N0508999
    Stock: 27317001
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $26,990
    fair price
    $350 above market
    • 18,632 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Bernardi Toyota (17 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Framingham, MA / 17 miles away from Worcester, MA

    2022 Mazda MX-5 Miata Grand Touring RWD 2.0L 4-Cylinder DOHC 16V 2D Convertible 6-Speed AutomaticOdometer is 2410 miles below market average!WORRY FRE...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAD77N0508982
    Stock: W0601A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-24-2025

  • $26,998
    fair price
    $129 below market
    • 8,600 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from GA to MA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Buford, GA / 869 miles away from Worcester, MA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAD74N0506977
    Stock: 26957947
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $27,998
    fair price
    $678 above market
    • 5,011 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CO to MA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Colorado Springs, CO / 1,732 miles away from Worcester, MA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAD71N0509075
    Stock: 27246902
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $28,998
    fair price
    $888 above market
    • 5,203 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl manual
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from AZ to MA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Tucson, AZ / 2,238 miles away from Worcester, MA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAD79N0508031
    Stock: 27061396
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $27,998
    fair price
    $456 above market
    • 9,907 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl manual
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to MA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Inglewood, CA / 2,563 miles away from Worcester, MA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAD70N0501470
    Stock: 27318706
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 9,818 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from FL to MA*
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    • Audio and cruise con...
    Close

    Located in Daytona Beach, FL / 1,041 miles away from Worcester, MA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NC2MF5E0233791
    Stock: 26554300
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 22,570 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Cleveland, OH / 512 miles away from Worcester, MA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NC2NF3E0237174
    Stock: 2003710028
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-04-2025

  • New Listing
    • 4,785 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to MA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 1,575 miles away from Worcester, MA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAD76N0506883
    Stock: 27163099
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 4,302 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl manual
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 687 miles away from Worcester, MA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAD75N0503148
    Stock: 2003711310
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-05-2025

    • 31,138 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl manual
    • Seacoast Truck and Auto (66 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Hampton Falls, NH / 66 miles away from Worcester, MA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NC2NF0E0236466
    Stock: 24686566776
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-30-2025

  • New Listing
    • 36,296 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl manual
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 847 miles away from Worcester, MA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NC2NF0E0236158
    Stock: 2003689992
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-05-2025

Showing 64 - 84 out of 159 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Mazda MX-5 Miata

Read recent reviews for the Mazda MX-5 Miata
Overall Consumer Rating
4.7 out of 5 stars75 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 75 reviews
  • 5 star
    (73%)
  • 4 star
    (23%)
  • 3 star
    (1%)
  • 2 star
    (1%)
  • 1 star
    (1%)
5 out of 5 stars

My new 2016 MX-5 miata GT - just plain fun

Heidi, 02/13/2016
2016 Mazda MX-5 Miata Grand Touring 2dr Convertible (2.0L 4cyl 6M)
First, I am very happy with this fun little convertible. I've had convertibles before, and really enjoyed my old Honda S2000. Currently have a Mazda CX-5. It was time for another little fun convertible and I chose the 2016 Miata GT, manual. I bought the 2016 Miata Grand Touring 2 months ago. It is so nice to drive with the top down! It is quick, fun and most importantly, a great value. … There are not very many convertible out there in the sub-$35k range and I'm happy to say I got an outstanding price! I am giving the car 5 stars, however the interior is so poorly designed it is puzzling. All of the things you might want to touch are behind the seat - storage & cup holders in particular since there seems to be room forward for a small glove box. Also the tiny little storage area behind the manual shift is so thin and shallow I'm not sure why its there. It's not wide enough to fit anything other than sun glasses. Too bad it is not wide enough to fit my iPod! The entertainment system and sound is very good, especially for a convertible. I'm not sure yet whether I'll be happy with not being able to use the touch screen while in motion, and have been adjusting to not looking down at the entertainment knobs when not using the steering wheel controls. The Nav system took a bit of getting used to as is a different system than the CX-5, but is much more accurate. All in all, it is a spirited, absolutely fun car. And regardless of my interior design comments, bottom line..Can't beat the value for the price!
Report abuse

Used 2021 Mazda MX-5 Miata in Worcester, MA Values

Estimated values
2021 Mazda MX-5 Miata Grand Touring 2dr Convertible (2.0L 4cyl 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$25,006$26,543$28,097
Clean$24,539$25,988$27,448
Average$23,761$25,064$26,366
Rough$22,750$23,861$24,959

The average list price of a used 2021 Mazda MX-5 Miata in Worcester, Massachusetts is $23,699. The average mileage on a used Mazda MX-5 Miata 2021 for sale in Worcester, Massachusetts is 24,132. Based on the average mileage of 24,132 for used 2021 Mazda MX-5 Miata for sale in Worcester, MA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Mazda MX-5 Miata 2021 in Worcester, Massachusetts to be $23,761.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.