Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
91 listings
    • 29,353 miles
    • Frame damage reported, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 23 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Alpha Motor Sports (53 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Fredericksburg, VA / 53 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    ** ADVANCED PKG / PRESTIGE PKG / GREAT COLOR COMBO / A MUST SEE ** OVER 30,000 VEHICLES SOLD, TWO LOCATION TO SERVE YOU, 400+ VEHICLES IN STOCK, visit...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: Yes

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMTGB4SC4MU045787
    Stock: S045787
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 21,988 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 18 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Select Auto Imports (25 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Alexandria, VA / 25 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    ORIGINAL MSRP $63,955.00*Vik Black ($400)19-inch wheelsHands-free power trunk openerVentilated front seatsPanoramic sunroofSpecial wood trimP...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMTGC4SD8MU043644
    Stock: 22857A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-10-2025

  • New Listing
    • 16,694 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Los Angeles, CA / 2,271 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMTFN4JB2KU325958
    Stock: 2003789593
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-05-2025

    • 77,073 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 18 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to VA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 1,200 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (18 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHGN4JE5HU190492
    Stock: 27480331
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 63,181 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 15 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 817 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHGN4JF9HU211790
    Stock: 2003778915
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-03-2025

  • Price Drop
    $34,500
    great price
    $4,520 below market
    • 35,665 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 22 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Koons Tysons Chevy GMC (16 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Vienna, VA / 16 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    PANORAMIC ROOF / DUAL SUNROOF / TWIN PANEL MOONROOF / POWER PANORAMIC ROOF, NAVIGATION / GPS / NAV, BLIND SPOT MONITORING / BLIND SPOT ALERT, LANE DEP...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMTGB4SC1NU137604
    Stock: 00KB0073
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-01-2025

    • 191,865 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 16 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • iDrive Westminster (46 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Westminster, MD / 46 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: Yes

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHGN4JE2HU200668
    Stock: 200668
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-01-2024

  • New Listing
    • 93,283 miles
    • 2 accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 18 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from AL to VA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Mobile, AL / 834 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (18 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHGN4JE7HU193099
    Stock: 26122829
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 30,720 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 17 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 1,159 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMTFN4JB9KU326976
    Stock: 2003753122
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-11-2025

  • New Listing
    • 77,534 miles
    • 18 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CO to VA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Colorado Springs, CO / 1,457 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (18 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHGN4JE5HU169044
    Stock: 26739684
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 31,807 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 817 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMTFN4JE9KU322887
    Stock: 2003800212
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-06-2025

  • Price Drop
    $41,000
    great price
    $3,197 below market
    • 32,399 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 17 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Koons Westminster Toyota (46 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Westminster, MD / 46 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    2022 Genesis G80 3.5T **** Balance of Factory Warranty **** Apple Carplay/Android Auto, Bluetooth, Hands-Free, Navigation, Sunroof, Keyless Entry, Pre...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMTGB4SD0NU128031
    Stock: KTWP220804
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-03-2025

  • Price Drop
    $33,000
    good price
    $3,784 below market
    • 34,623 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 22 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Giants Mitsubishi (17 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Manassas, VA / 17 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    Summer is Heating Up!2022 Genesis G80 2.5T Tasman BlueKEY FEATURES INCLUDE:, AWD, APPLE CARPLAY, ANDROID AUTO, ONE OWNER, ACCIDENT FREE CARFAX, TOUCHS...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMTGB4SC2NU131973
    Stock: U2642
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-28-2025

  • $37,995
    fair price
    $327 below market
    • 23,414 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 22 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Hyman Bros. Automobiles West Broad (97 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 97 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    Hyman Bros. accepts all trade-in's, If you have a Carmax Appraisal (We Will Beat It) We offer competitive financing in all states, If you are pre-appr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMTGB4SC2NU137563
    Stock: H9448
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-07-2025

  • New Listing
    $26,998
    fair price
    $664 below market
    • 47,484 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 18 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MD to VA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Salisbury, MD / 112 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMTFN4JE1LU329110
    Stock: 27109232
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 9,455 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 16 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, FL / 646 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMTFN4JF9LU335147
    Stock: 2003809893
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-12-2025

    • 30,595 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 22 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Action Automotive (29 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Alexandria, VA / 29 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    2022 Genesis G80 2.5T AWD – Savile Silver – 1 Owner – Only 30K MilesNow Available at Action Automotive Preowned Cars!Experience refined elegance and m...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMTGB4SC7NU131709
    Stock: P6155
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 72,259 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 18 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Nanuet, NY / 233 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,High Demand,Rare Find,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated S...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMTFN4JEXLU331244
    Stock: HNK1249
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 39,817 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 15 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 530 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMTFN4JF5LU331256
    Stock: 2003630713
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-11-2025

  • New Listing
    • 44,786 miles
    • 2 accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NC to VA*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Hickory, NC / 311 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMTFN4JB3LU334590
    Stock: 27314231
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $33,500
    fair price
    $2,085 below market
    • 34,716 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 22 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Genesis of Alexandria (27 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Alexandria, VA / 27 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMTGB4SC1MU067844
    Stock: GP539
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-27-2025

Showing 43 - 63 out of 91 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Genesis G80

Read recent reviews for the Genesis G80
Overall Consumer Rating
4.6 out of 5 stars58 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 58 reviews
  • 5 star
    (81%)
  • 4 star
    (3%)
  • 3 star
    (9%)
  • 2 star
    (5%)
  • 1 star
    (2%)
5 out of 5 stars

Comfortable, Quiet Luxury Sedan

Gerry Preston, 08/01/2017
2018 Genesis G80 3.8 4dr Sedan (3.8L 6cyl 8A)
If you're looking for a comfortable and quiet luxury sedan but don't want to pay the price of a new Lexus LS 460, take a test drive in this vehicle. Mine's a rear-wheel drive 3.8L V-6, and a single test drive was enough to convince us that we'd be much better of with this car than the 2017 LS 460, which we also test drove. We were replacing a low-mileage 2003 LS 430, and we also own a … 2014 ES 300H, so we're very familiar with the Lexus sedans. I feel that Lexus hasn't kept up with the safety and technology features. Perhaps the 2018 Lexus LS will offer them, but it won't be out for at least another 6 or 7 months, and rumor has it that price will increase significantly over the 2017 LS. Things I really like about this car are, first, the large nav screen, which has touch-screen control, making it significantly better than the Lexus infotainment system, with its very awkward interface. I also love the fact that the G80 has four cameras, allowing a birds-eye view around your car when entering or leaving a parking space. Also a plus factor is the recommendation for regular gas. Really, I love too many things to list them all. What I don't love is the relatively poor gas mileage for a car of this type. They need to make it better!
Report abuse

Used 2021 Genesis G80 in Ashburn, VA Values

Estimated values
2021 Genesis G80 2.5T 4dr Sedan (2.5L 4cyl Turbo 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$23,101$25,057$27,022
Clean$22,654$24,550$26,450
Average$21,908$23,703$25,498
Rough$20,938$22,603$24,260

The average list price of a used 2021 Genesis G80 in Ashburn, Virginia is $30,249. The average mileage on a used Genesis G80 2021 for sale in Ashburn, Virginia is 49,462. Based on the average mileage of 49,462 for used 2021 Genesis G80 for sale in Ashburn, VA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Genesis G80 2021 in Ashburn, Virginia to be $21,908.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.