Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
798 listings
  • New Listing
    • 66,255 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from VA to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Fredericksburg, VA / 1,277 miles away from Austin, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNDRS0KZ293249
    Stock: 26664176
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $20,990
    great price
    $4,406 below market
    • 100,357 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 1,040 miles away from Austin, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNHRS2LZ115206
    Stock: 2003920678
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-06-2025

    • 71,338 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Texas Carco (168 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Livingston, TX / 168 miles away from Austin, TX

    Get ready to cruise in style in this sleek black 2019 Cadillac XT5! This luxurious SUV is not only a head-turner with its alloy wheels, but it also pa...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNARS5KZ146696
    Stock: 16906
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-27-2025

  • New Listing
    • 49,320 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Milwaukee, WI / 1,036 miles away from Austin, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNDRS5KZ255998
    Stock: 2004065751
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-12-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 68,848 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 815 miles away from Austin, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNGRS3KZ107849
    Stock: 2004073418
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-15-2025

    • 112,992 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Hatimi Auto (15 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Buda, TX / 15 miles away from Austin, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNBRS3HZ108480
    Stock: 108480
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-22-2025

    • 53,462 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • McLeod Auto Sales (55 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Killeen, TX / 55 miles away from Austin, TX

    Call Emily today to schedule your VIP appointment today!

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNERS1KZ231283
    Stock: 13943
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-09-2025

    • 37,088 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (166 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Fort Worth, TX / 166 miles away from Austin, TX

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNCR44MZ143756
    Stock: 11110T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 53,965 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Clifton Chevrolet (181 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Corrigan, TX / 181 miles away from Austin, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNFRS4KZ209512
    Stock: 5461P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-29-2025

    • 81,434 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • EAG Ford Navasota (100 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Navasota, TX / 100 miles away from Austin, TX

    Odometer is 8802 miles below market average! **DUAL PANE SUNROOF**, **REMOTE START**, **LEATHER**, **HEATED SEATS**, **BACKUP CAMERA**, **BLUETOOTH HA...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNBRS9HZ139037
    Stock: N3725A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-10-2025

    • 62,068 miles
    • Frame damage reported, 4 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Excellence Auto Direct (181 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Euless, TX / 181 miles away from Austin, TX

    Excellence Auto Direct is proud to present you with another True Market Priced Pre-Owned Vehicle. This 2017 Cadillac XT5 is loaded with the following ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: Yes

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNARS5HZ316788
    Stock: 316788
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-14-2025

  • New Listing
    • 35,069 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from VA to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Sterling, VA / 1,299 miles away from Austin, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNARS4HZ266952
    Stock: 27777507
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Stock photo**
    • 79,249 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Gulf Coast Ford (156 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Angleton, TX / 156 miles away from Austin, TX

    Clean CARFAX. Recent Arrival! 18/26 City/Highway MPGYou always get the most from Gulf Coast. Gulf Coast Ford Nissan Toyota is delighted to offer this ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNFRS7HZ164185
    Stock: W011114A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-14-2025

  • New Listing
    $17,998
    fair price
    $553 above market
    • 78,341 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from FL to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, FL / 968 miles away from Austin, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNBRS5HZ134546
    Stock: 27567646
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 126,000 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CAR-MART of Taylor (30 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Taylor, TX / 30 miles away from Austin, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNFRS7HZ110191
    Stock: 188002391
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-17-2025

    • 58,410 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • AutoNation Chevrolet South Corpus Christi (179 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Corpus Christi, TX / 179 miles away from Austin, TX

    Dark Moon Blue MetallicLpo; Premium Carpet Cargo MatLpo; Cargo Shade; RearLane Keeping AssistKeyless StartRear SpoilerCadillac User Experience; ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNAR45MZ168007
    Stock: MZ168007
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-04-2025

    • 131,273 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Velocity Autos (186 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Fort Worth, TX / 186 miles away from Austin, TX

    2017 Cadillac XT5 Luxury Draped in Dark Adriatic Blue Metallic with a warm Sahara Beige interior, this XT5 Luxury projects refined weekend freedom ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNBRS7HZ108725
    Stock: P108725
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-06-2025

    • 118,464 miles
    • Insurance loss reported, 4 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Magic Auto Sales (182 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 182 miles away from Austin, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNBRSXHZ176436
    Stock: 176436
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-13-2025

    • 100,058 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Urbandale, IA / 816 miles away from Austin, TX

    Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Start,Premium Sound,Remote Start,Satellite Radio,Sunroof / ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNBRS7HZ108286
    Stock: HZ108286SV
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 104,021 miles
    • Frame damage reported, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Houston Car Direct (140 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 140 miles away from Austin, TX

    Elevate your driving experience with the 2019 Cadillac XT5 Luxury, a sophisticated midsize SUV that blends modern design, advanced technology, and unp...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: Yes

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNCRS2KZ180915
    Stock: 180915-HCD
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-25-2025

    • 31,888 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Mac Haik Ford Pasadena (161 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Pasadena, TX / 161 miles away from Austin, TX

    This 2021 Cadillac XT5 Sport in Crystal White Tricoat includes the following features: 3.6L V6 DI VVT 9-Speed Automatic AWD Driver Assist Package (Ada...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNGRS6MZ156868
    Stock: 25482B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-12-2025

Showing 337 - 357 out of 798 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Cadillac XT5

Read recent reviews for the Cadillac XT5
Overall Consumer Rating
4 out of 5 stars41 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 41 reviews
  • 5 star
    (54%)
  • 4 star
    (17%)
  • 3 star
    (12%)
  • 2 star
    (5%)
  • 1 star
    (12%)
5 out of 5 stars

Exceptional Vehicle

Afam Naper (pen name), 02/04/2018
2018 Cadillac XT5 Premium Luxury 4dr SUV AWD (3.6L 6cyl 8A)
I love my XT5. I am in my mid-forties and never thought I would be so car crazy. This vehicle is perfect. Lots of tech features. Some of the things I have been pleasantly surprised by is the visibility and handling in bad weather conditions and at night. I also like the ability to switch transmission from front wheel, AWD, and sport mode. Sport mode is fun and it gives a little … mid-life crisis sport car feel or at least as close as you can get when trying to be practical with a family of 5. I live in the Midwest and so deal with the four seasons. This car cruises through them all. If I had only one complaint is the start/stop feature and gas mileage - not great. I am completely used to it, but prefer it didn't have it and perhaps a bit better on gas. I looked at all the luxury models and this had the best combination of styling, technology, comfort, and overall handling. Wife loves the vehicle and the kids love the vehicle which isn't easy since all of them have their opinions and different preferences. I have been in a number of accidents unfortunately and the safety features make me feel really safe. I cannot recommend this SUV enough. I also think the styling competes and in some cases out class it's foreign competitors and brings something that is uniquely American to it.
Report abuse

Used 2019 Cadillac XT5 in Austin, TX Values

Estimated values
2019 Cadillac XT5 Luxury 4dr SUV AWD (3.6L 6cyl 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$17,049$19,204$21,118
Clean$16,689$18,795$20,665
Average$16,090$18,115$19,911
Rough$15,310$17,230$18,930

The average list price of a used 2019 Cadillac XT5 in Austin, Texas is $22,905. The average mileage on a used Cadillac XT5 2019 for sale in Austin, Texas is 77,138. Based on the average mileage of 77,138 for used 2019 Cadillac XT5 for sale in Austin, TX and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Cadillac XT5 2019 in Austin, Texas to be $16,090.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.