Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
84 listings
  • Price Drop
    • 56,336 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, personal use
    • 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 314 miles away from Columbus, OH

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDLJ7GB5GA166194
    Stock: 2003991434
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-09-2025

  • $10,999
    good price
    $1,320 below market
    • 131,621 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 16 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Automotive Connection (94 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Fairfield, OH / 94 miles away from Columbus, OH

    Introducing the 2013 Mercedes-Benz CLS CLS 550 4MATIC, a true embodiment of luxury and performance. This stunning vehicle boasts a 4.7L Twin Turbo V8 ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDLJ9BB5DA079278
    Stock: D250415
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-30-2025

  • $11,000
    fair price
    $247 below market
    • 155,794 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 20 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Picasso Imports (159 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Fishers, IN / 159 miles away from Columbus, OH

    Visit Picasso Imports online at piindy.com to see more pictures of this vehicle or call us at 3**-2**-4*** today to schedule your test drive.

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDLJ6HB0FA133952
    Stock: F3788
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-05-2025

  • Price Drop
    $14,980
    fair price
    $181 below market
    • 98,909 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 16 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Fritz in Fishers (159 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Fishers, IN / 159 miles away from Columbus, OH

    This 2013 Mercedes-Benz CLS-Class CLS 550, comes equipped with some great features, these include bluetooth compatibility, GPS navigation, satellite r...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDLJ9BB7DA069108
    Stock: 13093B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-23-2025

  • $35,590
    good price
    $997 below market
    • 46,939 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 23 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 1,660 miles away from Columbus, OH

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDD2J5KB5KA011788
    Stock: 2003989406
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-15-2025

    • 45,619 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 23 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Bobby Rahal Motorcar (161 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Wexford, PA / 161 miles away from Columbus, OH

    Bobby Rahal Motorcar Company, Wexford's #1 Pre-Owned Mercedes-Benz dealership, is proud to present this Mercedes-Benz Certified Pre-Owned. 2019 Merced...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDD2J5KB1KA028958
    Stock: P11306
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 07-30-2025

  • Price Drop
    $34,247
    fair price
    $4 below market
    • 47,350 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 23 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Tom Wood Volvo Cars (163 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 163 miles away from Columbus, OH

    Turn heads and indulge in luxury with this 2019 Mercedes-Benz CLS 450 4MATIC, a stunning four-door coupe finished in sleek Obsidian Black Metallic ove...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDD2J5KB4KA043017
    Stock: RRT043017
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-31-2025

  • $16,990
    good price
    $592 below market
    • 104,612 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use
    • 20 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • J-Rus (183 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Township, MI / 183 miles away from Columbus, OH

    J-Rus Inc. is pleased to currently offer this 2015 Mercedes-Benz CLS 450 4MATIC AWD 4dr Sedan finished in Blue exterior on Beige Leather interior. Thi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDLJ6HB6FA144633
    Stock: 144633
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-12-2025

  • $22,834
    fair price
    $839 above market
    • 39,667 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 20 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Mercedes-Benz of Easton (6 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 6 miles away from Columbus, OH

    2015 Mercedes-Benz CLS CLS 400 in designo Diamond White Metallic, Blind Spot Assist, Electronic Trunk Closer, harman/kardon Logic 7 Surround Sound Sys...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (20 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDLJ6FB7FA151884
    Stock: MN397772A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-04-2025

    • 107,726 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 23 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Crown Eurocars of Dublin (9 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Dublin, OH / 9 miles away from Columbus, OH

    ALL SERVICES AND RECONDITIONING PERFORMED ON THIS VEHICLE ARE INCLUDED IN OUR ONLINE PRICE. Clean CARFAX. 23/30 City/Highway MPG Silver 2019 Mercedes...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDD2J5KB1KA034324
    Stock: 30P1111
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-21-2025

  • New Listing
    • 63,072 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 20 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Birmingham, AL / 496 miles away from Columbus, OH

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDLJ6HB0FA141954
    Stock: 2004043866
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-18-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 63,285 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 16 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Columbus (3 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 3 miles away from Columbus, OH

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDLJ9BB3DA059739
    Stock: 2004004557
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-22-2025

  • New Listing
    • 48,162 miles
    • No accidents, 5 owners, personal use only
    • 23 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 912 miles away from Columbus, OH

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDD2J5KB3KA031179
    Stock: 2004019511
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-02-2025

  • New Listing
    • 28,965 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 912 miles away from Columbus, OH

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDD2J5JB7LA048702
    Stock: 2003764149
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-28-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 82,718 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 23 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Voss Village Cadillac (67 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Dayton, OH / 67 miles away from Columbus, OH

    Clean CARFAX MORE ABOUT US At Voss Village Cadillac, we pride ourselves on offering world-class service and vehicles. Come see what sets us apart from...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDD2J5KB7KA028673
    Stock: C15919
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-20-2025

  • $43,590
    great price
    $1,169 below market
    • 46,738 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 21 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 353 miles away from Columbus, OH

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1K2J6BB6LA055466
    Stock: 2003946133
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-05-2025

    • 45,201 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Frisco, TX / 897 miles away from Columbus, OH

    Rare Find,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Leather Seats,Navigati...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1K2J5JB7LA074118
    Stock: LA074118A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $18,590
    fair price
    $636 above market
    • 70,556 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use
    • 16 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Columbus (3 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 3 miles away from Columbus, OH

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDLJ9BB5CA053018
    Stock: 2004069247
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-16-2025

  • Price Drop
    $19,995
    fair price
    $436 below market
    • 71,369 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 17 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Zein Motors (160 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Garden City, MI / 160 miles away from Columbus, OH

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDLJ9BB7EA128112
    Stock: BBA10646
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-03-2025

  • Price Drop
    $20,590
    fair price
    $622 below market
    • 62,937 miles
    • 1 accident, 5 owners, personal use only
    • 17 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 314 miles away from Columbus, OH

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDLJ9BB6EA090064
    Stock: 2003298529
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-09-2024

  • New Listing
    $38,998
    fair price
    $1,559 below market
    • 36,437 miles
    • 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to OH*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Bakersfield, CA / 1,983 miles away from Columbus, OH

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1K2J5JB5LA072075
    Stock: 27396575
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 22 - 42 out of 84 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Mercedes-Benz CLS-Class

Read recent reviews for the Mercedes-Benz CLS-Class
Overall Consumer Rating
4.6 out of 5 stars26 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 26 reviews
  • 5 star
    (77%)
  • 4 star
    (8%)
  • 3 star
    (15%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
5 out of 5 stars

CLS400 CAR I EVER OWNED

abacomike, 12/06/2013
2014 Mercedes-Benz CLS-Class CLS550 4dr Sedan (4.7L 8cyl Turbo 7A)
Just purchased a new 2014 Mercedes CLS 550 (MSRP $82,210). I usually purchase E350 Sedans, but because of the superior, outstanding deal I got on this vehicle, I could not resist. First noticeable difference is the outstanding power and performance - 402 hp in a 4.7 liter V8. Fit and Finish are outstanding. Interior design and comfort in front seats is astounding. The ride is smoother … and more refined than anything I have ever driven. The car is "dead-out" gorgeous. Safety features like lane-tracking, blind spot monitors and PARKTRONIC are comforting and impeccably designed. Harman/Kardon audio system is unsurpassed in clarity and sound separation. Best car I have ever owned.
Report abuse

Used 2016 Mercedes-Benz CLS-Class in Columbus, OH Values

Estimated values
2016 Mercedes-Benz CLS-Class AMG CLS 63 S 4MATIC 4dr Sedan AWD (5.5L 8cyl Turbo 7A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$24,708$29,897$33,596
Clean$23,721$28,645$32,125
Average$22,076$26,557$29,672
Rough$19,937$23,844$26,484

The average list price of a used 2016 Mercedes-Benz CLS-Class in Columbus, Ohio is $27,572. The average mileage on a used Mercedes-Benz CLS-Class 2016 for sale in Columbus, Ohio is 69,239. Based on the average mileage of 69,239 for used 2016 Mercedes-Benz CLS-Class for sale in Columbus, OH and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Mercedes-Benz CLS-Class 2016 in Columbus, Ohio to be $22,076.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.