Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
382 listings
    • 14,951 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Brunswick Mazda (175 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Brunswick, OH / 175 miles away from Lansing, MI

    PREVIEW JUST REPRICED FROM $30,139, FUEL EFFICIENT 35 MPG Hwy/26 MPG City! GREAT MILES 14,951! Machine Gray Metallic exterior and Black interior. Heat...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAD70N0508905
    Stock: M250784A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 08-07-2025

    • 77,187 miles
    • Insurance loss reported, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl manual
    • Saad Auto Parts (72 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    • Audio and cruise con...
    Close

    Located in Dearborn Heights, MI / 72 miles away from Lansing, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NC2MF7D0230051
    Stock: 230051
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $23,590
    good price
    $848 below market
    • 40,619 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl manual
    • Carvana - Columbus (207 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 207 miles away from Lansing, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAD71N0506015
    Stock: 2003944810
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-07-2025

  • $26,500
    fair price
    $1,258 above market
    • 15,751 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl manual
    • Team One Chevrolet Buick GMC (16 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, MI / 16 miles away from Lansing, MI

    MX-5 Miata Grand Touring, 2D Convertible, 6-Speed Manual, Perforated Nappa Leather Upholstery, Red Nappa Leather Charge.2020 Mazda MX-5 Miata Polymeta...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAD72L0412125
    Stock: T13018A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-19-2025

  • Price Drop
    $24,997
    fair price
    $111 above market
    • 3,991 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl manual
    • EchoPark Automotive Nashville (468 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Nashville, TN / 468 miles away from Lansing, MI

    At EchoPark, it’s all about offering you options for a happy experience. We have thousands of new-to-you makes and models that range from sedans to tr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAB78N0501316
    Stock: CN0501316
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-29-2025

  • New Listing
    • 52,205 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • HoneyCar (415 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Winchester, VA / 415 miles away from Lansing, MI

    CALL TODAY 5**-5**-4***2014 MAZDA Miata PRHT GRAND TOURING- 52,156 Miles | Located in Roanoke, Va or visit myhoneycar.com FEATURES & BENEFITS Peppy 2....

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NC2PF3E0234014
    Stock: E0234014
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-11-2025

  • $15,949
    fair price
    $451 above market
    • 63,901 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarShop Cranberry (267 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    • Soft Top
    Close

    Located in Cranberry Twp, PA / 267 miles away from Lansing, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NC2JF5E0234928
    Stock: D31058MA
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-02-2025

    • 9,306 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl manual
    • CarMax Merrillville (166 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Merrillville, IN / 166 miles away from Lansing, MI

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAC77N0504111
    Stock: 27580100
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 2,307 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl manual
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 557 miles away from Lansing, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAB78L0414089
    Stock: 2004021805
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-02-2025

    • 861 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl manual
    • South Street Autos (435 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Frederick, MD / 435 miles away from Lansing, MI

    This 2022 Deep Crystal Blue Mica Mazda MX-5 Miata Club RWD is well equipped and includes these features and benefits: . Clean CARFAX. 26/34 City/Highw...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAC79N0503560
    Stock: 17284
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-21-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 15,700 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl manual
    • Brunswick Mazda (175 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Brunswick, OH / 175 miles away from Lansing, MI

    PREVIEW CARFAX 1-Owner, GREAT MILES 15,700! EPA 28 MPG Hwy/21 MPG City! Brilliant Black exterior and Black interior. Heated Leather Seats, Multi-CD Ch...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NC2PF0C0226417
    Stock: R15472A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-15-2025

    • 24,083 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl manual
    • Safford Brown CDJR Sterling (452 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Sterling, VA / 452 miles away from Lansing, MI

    CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. Soul Red Crystal Metallic 2022 Mazda MX-5 Miata Grand Touring RWD 6-Speed Manual 2.0L 4-Cylinder DOHC 16V Leather, Bac...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAD71N0505835
    Stock: L541284A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-05-2025

  • New Listing
    • 50,599 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl manual
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 507 miles away from Lansing, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NC2PF2E0233758
    Stock: 2004044639
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-10-2025

  • New Listing
    • 52,363 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    • Audio and cruise con...
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 507 miles away from Lansing, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NC2MF8E0237222
    Stock: 2004060518
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-12-2025

    • 59,882 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Kia of Lynchburg (463 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    • Audio and cruise con...
    Close

    Located in Lynchburg, VA / 463 miles away from Lansing, MI

    This small car has a clean CARFAX vehicle history report. Good News! This certified CARFAX 1-owner vehicle has only had one owner before you. This sma...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NC2MF2E0235076
    Stock: S7622
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-11-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 68,162 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl manual
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    • Soft Top
    Close

    Located in Klamath Falls, OR / 1,878 miles away from Lansing, MI

    Low Mileage,Rare Find,Floor Mats,Gasoline Fuel,Remote Trunk Release,CD Player,ABS,Cloth Seats,Rear Wheel Drive,Rear Defrost,Engine Immobilizer,Power M...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NC2JFXE0233709
    Stock: E0233709T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 77,040 miles
    • 2 accidents, 7 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Las Vegas, NV / 1,685 miles away from Lansing, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NC2PFXE0233846
    Stock: 2003922998
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-01-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 43,351 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl manual
    • Bergey's Subaru (439 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Hanover, PA / 439 miles away from Lansing, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NC2PFXE0234625
    Stock: SHU1648
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-26-2025

    • 52,246 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Seattle, WA / 1,852 miles away from Lansing, MI

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Leather Seats,Navigatio...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAD71L0413136
    Stock: 413136ZV
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 31,413 miles
    • 4cyl manual
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    • Soft Top
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 1,941 miles away from Lansing, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NC2JF1E0237566
    Stock: 2004031583
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-16-2025

    • 34,514 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl manual
    • Driving Xcellence (312 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Jeffersonville, IN / 312 miles away from Lansing, MI

    - 6-SPEED MANUAL TRANSMISSION - CLEAN TITLE, EXCELLENT SERVICE RECORDS - ZEALRED PEARL - CONTINENTAL TIRES - CONVERTIBLE TOP IN EXCELLENT CONDITION (S...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NC2NF7E0235797
    Stock: 235797
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-16-2025

Showing 106 - 126 out of 382 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Mazda MX-5 Miata

Read recent reviews for the Mazda MX-5 Miata
Overall Consumer Rating
4.7 out of 5 stars72 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 72 reviews
  • 5 star
    (75%)
  • 4 star
    (21%)
  • 3 star
    (1%)
  • 2 star
    (1%)
  • 1 star
    (1%)
5 out of 5 stars

My new 2016 MX-5 miata GT - just plain fun

Heidi, 02/13/2016
2016 Mazda MX-5 Miata Grand Touring 2dr Convertible (2.0L 4cyl 6M)
First, I am very happy with this fun little convertible. I've had convertibles before, and really enjoyed my old Honda S2000. Currently have a Mazda CX-5. It was time for another little fun convertible and I chose the 2016 Miata GT, manual. I bought the 2016 Miata Grand Touring 2 months ago. It is so nice to drive with the top down! It is quick, fun and most importantly, a great value. … There are not very many convertible out there in the sub-$35k range and I'm happy to say I got an outstanding price! I am giving the car 5 stars, however the interior is so poorly designed it is puzzling. All of the things you might want to touch are behind the seat - storage & cup holders in particular since there seems to be room forward for a small glove box. Also the tiny little storage area behind the manual shift is so thin and shallow I'm not sure why its there. It's not wide enough to fit anything other than sun glasses. Too bad it is not wide enough to fit my iPod! The entertainment system and sound is very good, especially for a convertible. I'm not sure yet whether I'll be happy with not being able to use the touch screen while in motion, and have been adjusting to not looking down at the entertainment knobs when not using the steering wheel controls. The Nav system took a bit of getting used to as is a different system than the CX-5, but is much more accurate. All in all, it is a spirited, absolutely fun car. And regardless of my interior design comments, bottom line..Can't beat the value for the price!
Report abuse

Used 2022 Mazda MX-5 Miata in Lansing, MI Values

Estimated values
2022 Mazda MX-5 Miata Grand Touring 2dr Convertible (2.0L 4cyl 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$21,421$23,060$24,781
Clean$21,111$22,664$24,290
Average$20,594$22,004$23,472
Rough$19,921$21,146$22,408

The average list price of a used 2022 Mazda MX-5 Miata in Lansing, Michigan is $21,670. The average mileage on a used Mazda MX-5 Miata 2022 for sale in Lansing, Michigan is 37,640. Based on the average mileage of 37,640 for used 2022 Mazda MX-5 Miata for sale in Lansing, MI and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Mazda MX-5 Miata 2022 in Lansing, Michigan to be $20,594.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.