Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
221 listings
  • $11,995
    great price
    $3,669 below market
    • 71,078 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 20 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • A Better Way Wholesale Autos (79 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Naugatuck, CT / 79 miles away from Brooklyn, NY

    - Experience luxury with the 2017 Lincoln MKZ Reserve, boasting a sleek chrome-accented exterior and a refined leather interior. - Enjoy powerful per...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3LN6L5F96HR609086
    Stock: 609086N
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $13,999
    fair price
    $37 above market
    • 104,700 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 41 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Green Light Auto Sales (75 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Bethany, CT / 75 miles away from Brooklyn, NY

    "White 2017 Lincoln MKZ Hybrid Reserve FWD CVT 2.0L I4 Atkinson-Cycle iVCT CREDIT ISSUES? WE CAN HELP!! **203-888-2000**, ACCIDENT FREE CARFAX REPORT,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    40 Combined MPG (41 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3LN6L5MU6HR654598
    Stock: LM654598
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $13,995
    good price
    $1,970 below market
    • 57,269 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 20 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • 1ownercar.net (84 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Glenolden, PA / 84 miles away from Brooklyn, NY

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3LN6L5D97HR662396
    Stock: 619A4
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $9,750
    good price
    $1,210 below market
    • 136,000 miles
    • 4 accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 20 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Signature Pre-Owned (13 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Kearny, NJ / 13 miles away from Brooklyn, NY

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3LN6L5F99HR662364
    Stock: 25104
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $18,995
    fair price
    $805 below market
    • 11,963 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 21 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Joshua Motor Car Company (71 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Merchantville, NJ / 71 miles away from Brooklyn, NY

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3LN6L5A93HR665980
    Stock: 665980
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 104,429 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 20 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Bergey's Lincoln (72 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Lansdale, PA / 72 miles away from Brooklyn, NY

    Diamond Black 2017 Lincoln MKZ Black Label AWD 6-Speed Automatic with Select-Shift 3.0L GTDI V6 AWD.Recent Arrival! 17/26 City/Highway MPGAwards:...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3LN6L5HC3HR665043
    Stock: LLU2895
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-30-2025

  • Price Drop
    $6,499
    great price
    $3,798 below market
    • 123,134 miles
    • 2 accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Spot (18 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Wood-Ridge, NJ / 18 miles away from Brooklyn, NY

    Price includes all costs to be paid by consumer, except for licensing costs, registration fees, retail package, title and taxes. Any monetary discount...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3LN6L2JK5GR631331
    Stock: 631331-31
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 83,213 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 21 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Metro Triad Auto Sales (73 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Philadelphia, PA / 73 miles away from Brooklyn, NY

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3LN6L5A97HR648051
    Stock: 32748
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $10,300
    good price
    $1,430 below market
    • 92,947 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 22 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Plaza Toyota (2 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Brooklyn, NY / 2 miles away from Brooklyn, NY

    2016 Lincoln MKZ FWD | Pre-Owned | Brooklyn NY | $ 10300. 22/33 City/Highway MPG ALL FLUIDS CHANGED, ALL FILTERS CHANGED, FULL DETAIL. Luxe Metallic 4...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3LN6L2G94GR622057
    Stock: A6595
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-06-2025

  • $21,999
    good price
    $863 below market
    • 20,550 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 20 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Freehold Hyundai (29 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Freehold, NJ / 29 miles away from Brooklyn, NY

    Odometer is 43396 miles below market average! AWD. Velvet 2018 Lincoln MKZ Select AWD 6-Speed Automatic with Select-Shift 2.0L I420/28 City/Highway ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3LN6L5D94JR626901
    Stock: GJR626901U
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-13-2025

  • $13,200
    good price
    $1,926 below market
    • 56,383 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 22 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Valley Group (67 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in E Stoudsburg, PA / 67 miles away from Brooklyn, NY

    Welcome to Auto Valley Group – Your Stress-Free Car Buying Destination!At Auto Valley Group, we believe in a hassle-free experience for every cu...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3LN6L2GK3GR607911
    Stock: 607911
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $15,899
    good price
    $1,197 below market
    • 63,637 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 20 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Bright Bay Lincoln (39 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Bay Shore, NY / 39 miles away from Brooklyn, NY

    2018 Lincoln MKZ Reserve AWD loaded with premium comfort and tech. Finished in White Platinum over Cappuccino leather seats, this sleek sedan includes...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3LN6L5F94JR614017
    Stock: 4UT7172
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-30-2025

  • $12,795
    good price
    $1,202 below market
    • 57,965 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 22 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Lynnes Hyundai (16 mi away)
    • Five Star Dealer
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Bloomfield, NJ / 16 miles away from Brooklyn, NY

    This 2016 Lincoln MKZ has passed the Lynnes comprehensive 172 point inspection with flying colors. Our ASE certified technicians have inspected this M...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3LN6L2G92GR600168
    Stock: HE8089P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-27-2024

  • New Listing
    $11,750
    good price
    $1,719 below market
    • 83,469 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Magic Auto Sales (17 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Little Ferry, NJ / 17 miles away from Brooklyn, NY

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3LN6L2J93GR618400
    Stock: 618400
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $13,999
    fair price
    $942 below market
    • 73,779 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 41 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Autosport USA (46 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Toms River, NJ / 46 miles away from Brooklyn, NY

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    40 Combined MPG (41 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3LN6L2LU9GR626793
    Stock: 626793
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $5,999
    great price
    $2,587 below market
    • 121,710 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Spot of Mountain Lakes (31 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Mountain Lakes, NJ / 31 miles away from Brooklyn, NY

    Price includes all costs to be paid by consumer, except for licensing costs, registration fees, retail package, title and taxes. Any monetary discount...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3LN6L2J90FR625092
    Stock: 625092-92
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $15,999
    great price
    $2,530 below market
    • 62,949 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 21 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • CarVision Maple Shade (70 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Maple Shade, NJ / 70 miles away from Brooklyn, NY

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3LN6L5C97KR609464
    Stock: 609464A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-03-2025

  • New Listing
    $10,895
    great price
    $4,721 below market
    • 41,520 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 41 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • G Motors USA (77 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Waterford Works, NJ / 77 miles away from Brooklyn, NY

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    40 Combined MPG (41 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3LN6L2LU7FR613605
    Stock: WN613605
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $9,695
    great price
    $1,593 below market
    • 117,607 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 21 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • KJ Auto Sales (79 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Philadelphia, PA / 79 miles away from Brooklyn, NY

    2 Owners Low Miles!! New Inspection 04/2026 !! Moonroof! Heated Leather Seats !! Navigation!! Backup Camera!! Approved For A 2 Year Warranty!! Good Th...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3LN6L5E96HR619862
    Stock: 619862
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-08-2025

  • Stock photo**
    $13,295
    good price
    $3,114 below market
    • 59,510 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 21 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • AmityVille Auto Group (30 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Amityville, NY / 30 miles away from Brooklyn, NY

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3LN6L5C97HR662416
    Stock: A0110
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-16-2025

  • Stock photo**
    $14,995
    good price
    $2,944 below market
    • 56,941 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 20 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Yonkers Kia (25 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Yonkers, NY / 25 miles away from Brooklyn, NY

    2017 Lincoln MKZ Reserve Chroma Cabernet Red Premium Metallic (Chromoflare) AWD.Although every reasonable effort has been made to ensure the accuracy ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3LN6L5F98HR656877
    Stock: KY1863A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-29-2025

Showing 1 - 21 out of 221 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Lincoln MKZ

Read recent reviews for the Lincoln MKZ
Overall Consumer Rating
4.5 out of 5 stars74 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 74 reviews
  • 5 star
    (69%)
  • 4 star
    (20%)
  • 3 star
    (4%)
  • 2 star
    (3%)
  • 1 star
    (4%)
5 out of 5 stars

Hot Rod Lincoln indeed

Greg, 02/28/2018
2017 Lincoln MKZ Reserve 4dr Sedan AWD (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 6A)
I have an MKZ Reserve with the 400 hp engine, AWD, Driver Sport Package, Technology Package, Luxury Package, Climate Package and Power Moonroof. In Midnight Sapphire Blue Metallic, it is absolutely stunning with the two-tone interior that comes with the Driver Sport Package. I really didn't see me driving a domestic car let alone a Lincoln as my most recent cars were all imports: Audi … S4, Volvo S60 R-Design, Infiniti M37 Sport and Infiniti M35 Sport. Nearly went for an Audi S5 Sportback as a replacement but the change from a supercharger to turbo was a little disappointing. The MKZ intrigued me especially the shape; much like an Audi S7 but thousands of $$$ less. A test drive absolutely sold me. I wanted something a little bigger than the Audi but would still go like stink and handle well. Lincoln absolutely has this car dialed in. There have been gripes about the quality of the interior materials and coming from an Audi which I think has one of the best interiors, I really can't complain. The comfort, technology, performance and overall satisfaction with the vehicle are all there for me. The upgraded Revel sound system is a ridiculous amount of money but worth every penny if you love your music as I do. The MKZ could use a 7 or 8 speed transmission to help with the fuel economy but if I was looking for great fuel economy I'd be driving a Prius. The best sleeper luxury performance sedan on the road. Fantastic car!!!
Report abuse

Used 2017 Lincoln MKZ in Brooklyn, NY Values

Estimated values
2017 Lincoln MKZ Reserve 4dr Sedan AWD (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$10,518$13,439$15,665
Clean$10,183$12,998$15,135
Average$9,624$12,262$14,251
Rough$8,898$11,305$13,103

The average list price of a used 2017 Lincoln MKZ in Brooklyn, New York is $13,326. The average mileage on a used Lincoln MKZ 2017 for sale in Brooklyn, New York is 76,226. Based on the average mileage of 76,226 for used 2017 Lincoln MKZ for sale in Brooklyn, NY and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Lincoln MKZ 2017 in Brooklyn, New York to be $9,624.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.