Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
104 listings
  • New Listing
    • 47,698 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 746 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (29 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1DKDB73H0171933
    Stock: 2003305427
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-22-2024

  • New Listing
    • 94,220 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to VA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Riverside, CA / 2,312 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (27 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1DKFB73H0163438
    Stock: 27382407
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 83,797 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to VA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in College Station, TX / 1,226 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (29 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1DKDC78H0146170
    Stock: 26697235
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 95,542 miles
    • No accidents, 6 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 506 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (29 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1DKDC79H0145772
    Stock: 2003654102
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-24-2025

  • New Listing
    • 63,900 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 579 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (29 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1DKDB75H0159590
    Stock: 2003682303
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-25-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 73,710 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CO to VA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Littleton, CO / 1,568 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (27 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1DKFC78H0167578
    Stock: 26118794
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 66,040 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, government vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 506 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (27 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1DKFD71H0168716
    Stock: 2003597707
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-03-2025

  • New Listing
    $14,599
    good price
    $831 below market
    • 82,386 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from FL to VA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Doral, FL / 794 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (29 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1DKDB75J0328996
    Stock: 27360578
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $15,990
    good price
    $1,039 below market
    • 57,872 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Ourisman Honda of Frederick (194 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Frederick, MD / 194 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    Ourisman Honda of Frederick is pleased to present this 2018 Mazda CX-3 Sport. The 2018 Mazda CX-3 Sport is the base trim of Mazda ??s subcompact cross...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (27 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1DKFB71J0314699
    Stock: T0314699
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-22-2025

    • 23,982 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Hyman Bros Kia (93 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Midlothian, VA / 93 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    Machine Gray Metallic exterior and Black interior. Cross-Traffic Alert, Blind Spot Monitor, Apple CarPlay®, Smart Device Integration, iPod/MP3 Input, ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (29 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1DKDB70L1465518
    Stock: K687981
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-31-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 100,748 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Philadelphia, PA / 236 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (27 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1DKFB76J0321177
    Stock: 2003508233
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-22-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 60,190 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 579 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (27 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1DKFC72J0312605
    Stock: 2003637005
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-14-2025

    • 61,864 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to VA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 1,200 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (29 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1DKDC73J0306591
    Stock: 26517833
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 99,955 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to VA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 1,200 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (29 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1DKDC75J0329449
    Stock: 27022127
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 60,279 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MO to VA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Springfield, MO / 938 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (27 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1DKFD78J0304720
    Stock: 27014772
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 89,190 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to VA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Austin, TX / 1,306 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (27 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1DKFC78J0307425
    Stock: 27193378
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 59,540 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Oklahoma City, OK / 1,189 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (29 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1DKDC73J0314268
    Stock: 2003644349
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-10-2025

  • New Listing
    • 55,469 miles
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to VA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 2,451 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (27 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1DKFC71J1322987
    Stock: 27189283
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $10,987
    great price
    $2,278 below market
    • 132,452 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarPalace (165 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Chantilly, VA / 165 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    Discover Your Dream Car at CARPALACE – Quality Used Cars, Unbeatable Prices!At CARPALACE, we're passionate about helping you find the perfect ve...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (29 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1DKDB76M1500029
    Stock: 2024426
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $14,695
    great price
    $2,926 below market
    • 53,724 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Paramus, NJ / 314 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Keyless Start,Power Door Locks,Brake Assist,Floor Mats,Gasoline Fuel,ABS,Cloth Seats,Telemati...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (27 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1DKFB71K0440126
    Stock: KO440126A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $18,995
    fair price
    $479 below market
    • 21,193 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Dogwood Mazda (197 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Winchester, VA / 197 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    CARFAX One-Owner. 2021 Mazda CX-3 SportDogwood Automotive of Winchester, home of Dogwood Mazda, Volkswagen of Winchester, and Volvo Cars Winchester....

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (27 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1DKFB77M1500195
    Stock: R1239972M
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-15-2025

;
Showing 43 - 63 out of 104 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Mazda CX-3

Read recent reviews for the Mazda CX-3
Overall Consumer Rating
4.3 out of 5 stars56 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 56 reviews
  • 5 star
    (50%)
  • 4 star
    (32%)
  • 3 star
    (14%)
  • 2 star
    (2%)
  • 1 star
    (2%)
5 out of 5 stars

Love the handling and styling of my new Mazda CX-3

Steven, 11/04/2015
2016 Mazda CX-3 Grand Touring 4dr SUV AWD (2.0L 4cyl 6A)
I had a 2016 Acura that I purchased earlier this year and it had a defect that could not be fixed so I decided to trade that car in. I saw the CX-3 on the road and loved the styling. I started researching and read the really good reviews on Consumer Reports and other various you tube reviews. I went and test drove the car and was not disappointed. I had a Mazda 6 in the past and … this car handles like a little sports car and is very fun to drive. The acceleration is great, fit and finish are first rate. I was disappointed that you could not get a power seat, but to be honest I have not missed it. The Bose System sounds great, the navigation, bluetooth and infotainment system are really easy to use. There is a mute button instead of an on/off switch for the stereo so that also took some getting use to. The gas milage is really good and even with it small fuel tank I am only filling up once a week. For a small car the ride is very good, it is firm, but that is what makes it such a great handling car. Road noise is really good and even though the engine has a course sound to it, it sounds really sporty. I choose Soul Red with Almond Leather interior, it is beautiful. Update: The Mazda CX-3 is a great car, I still love it now with 6700 miles. It really handles well, has great acceleration for a small engine and looks very attractive.
Report abuse

Used 2017 Mazda CX-3 in Chesapeake, VA Values

Estimated values
2017 Mazda CX-3 Sport 4dr SUV (2.0L 4cyl 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$9,630$12,793$15,219
Clean$9,200$12,201$14,489
Average$8,484$11,213$13,272
Rough$7,552$9,929$11,690

The average list price of a used 2017 Mazda CX-3 in Chesapeake, Virginia is $16,951. The average mileage on a used Mazda CX-3 2017 for sale in Chesapeake, Virginia is 70,655. Based on the average mileage of 70,655 for used 2017 Mazda CX-3 for sale in Chesapeake, VA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Mazda CX-3 2017 in Chesapeake, Virginia to be $8,484.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.