Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
1,113 listings
    • 102,478 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Tim's Truck Capital (63 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Epsom, NH / 63 miles away from South Portland, ME

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2CKJ9HR193285
    Stock: ZC3690A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-23-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 98,059 miles
    • Issue reported, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 8 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Heritage Volkswagen Parkville (438 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Baltimore, MD / 438 miles away from South Portland, ME

    Recent Arrival! **4X4**, **POWER DRIVERS SEAT**, **HEATED & COOLED LEATHER SEATS**, **PREMIUM SOUND SYSTEM**, **APPLE CARPLAY/ANDROID AUTO**, **LANE K...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2BKC2HR268386
    Stock: LU268386
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-11-2025

  • $19,995
    good price
    $1,454 below market
    • 106,169 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 8 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Unlimited Auto Sales (235 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Mt Sinai, NY / 235 miles away from South Portland, ME

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2BKC4FR114193
    Stock: 8043
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Stock photo**
    • 90,253 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Springfield GMC (115 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in North Springfield, VT / 115 miles away from South Portland, ME

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2CKJXFR278486
    Stock: ST25515AA
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-29-2025

  • Advertisement

    3 Offers Nearby

    2025 GMC Yukon Denali Ultimate
    $78,995
    starting MSRP
    • 6 Colors
    • 5 Trims
    • 8 Packages
    View Offers 
    *The Manufacturer’s Suggested Retail Price excludes destination freight charge, tax, title, license, dealer fees, and optional equipment. Dealer sets final price. Click here to see all GMC vehicles’ destination freight charges.
  • $11,995
    great price
    $4,346 below market
    • 179,152 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Apex Autos NJ (296 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Avenel, NJ / 296 miles away from South Portland, ME

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2CKJ7GR230686
    Stock: 230686
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-11-2025

    • 53,886 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 8 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Antonino Acura (183 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Groton, CT / 183 miles away from South Portland, ME

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2BKC7HR199873
    Stock: 28597
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-18-2024

  • Price Drop
    • 81,000 miles
    • 1 accident, 5 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • JTL Auto Sales (239 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Selden, NY / 239 miles away from South Portland, ME

    You'll have a memorable drive every time you start this 2015 GMC Yukon up. This Yukon has 81000 miles. Its sensibility is matched by a spread of extr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2CKJ8FR542840
    Stock: 25-0010
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-17-2025

  • $16,199
    fair price
    $24 above market
    • 152,806 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 8 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Maruti Auto Sales (307 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in East Brunswick, NJ / 307 miles away from South Portland, ME

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2BKC9FR265112
    Stock: EB265112
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Advertisement

    3 Offers Nearby

    2025 GMC Yukon Denali Ultimate
    $78,995
    starting MSRP
    • 6 Colors
    • 5 Trims
    • 8 Packages
    View Offers 
    *The Manufacturer’s Suggested Retail Price excludes destination freight charge, tax, title, license, dealer fees, and optional equipment. Dealer sets final price. Click here to see all GMC vehicles’ destination freight charges.
  • $19,784
    great price
    $5,155 below market
    • 108,849 miles
    • 3 accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • US Auto Auction (357 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Pennsauken, NJ / 357 miles away from South Portland, ME

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2CKJ8GR426880
    Stock: 426880
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 70,677 miles
    • 2 accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 8 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Exclusive Motor Cars (450 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Randallstown, MD / 450 miles away from South Portland, ME

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2BKC5HR132849
    Stock: R132849
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-11-2025

  • $27,495
    great price
    $5,475 below market
    • 100,913 miles
    • 2 accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Foley Motorsports (119 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Shrewsbury, MA / 119 miles away from South Portland, ME

    Step into luxury and power with this sleek and stylish Black 2018 GMC Yukon. Feel the thrill of the 6.2L EcoTec3 V8 engine under the hood, delivering ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2CKJ7JR173204
    Stock: 20048A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 76,143 miles
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Ellicott City (454 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Ellicott City, MD / 454 miles away from South Portland, ME

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2CKJ7HR276925
    Stock: 27750675
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Advertisement

    3 Offers Nearby

    2025 GMC Yukon Denali Ultimate
    $78,995
    starting MSRP
    • 6 Colors
    • 5 Trims
    • 8 Packages
    View Offers 
    *The Manufacturer’s Suggested Retail Price excludes destination freight charge, tax, title, license, dealer fees, and optional equipment. Dealer sets final price. Click here to see all GMC vehicles’ destination freight charges.
  • New Listing
    $21,745
    great price
    $3,803 below market
    • 93,144 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Drive World (256 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Woodbury, NY / 256 miles away from South Portland, ME

    Your trusted destination for quality pre-owned vehicles! We,re proud to serve the community and beyond with a wide selection of reliable, well-maintai...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2DKC8JR351192
    Stock: 315DW
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-15-2025

  • $19,995
    great price
    $3,326 below market
    • 113,044 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • RRR Auto Sales (142 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Fairhaven, MA / 142 miles away from South Portland, ME

    RRR AUTO SALES in FAIRHAVEN has a GREAT DEAL on this 2016 GMC YUKON SLT 4X4 . With the 5.3L V8 AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION, loaded options, HEATED and AIR ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2BKCXGR427928
    Stock: 427928
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-12-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $16,995
    great price
    $2,733 below market
    • 117,901 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 8 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Hub (310 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in North Brunswick, NJ / 310 miles away from South Portland, ME

    This 2016 GMC Yukon 4dr SLE features a EcoTec3 5.3L V8 8cyl engine. It is equipped with a 6 Speed Automatic transmission. The vehicle is Onyx Black wi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2AKC9GR346140
    Stock: AT346140
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-28-2025

  • New Listing
    $27,000
    fair price
    $678 below market
    • 106,401 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Risen Auto (264 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Rome, NY / 264 miles away from South Portland, ME

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2CKJ8HR187090
    Stock: 187090
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Advertisement

    3 Offers Nearby

    2025 GMC Yukon Denali Ultimate
    $78,995
    starting MSRP
    • 6 Colors
    • 5 Trims
    • 8 Packages
    View Offers 
    *The Manufacturer’s Suggested Retail Price excludes destination freight charge, tax, title, license, dealer fees, and optional equipment. Dealer sets final price. Click here to see all GMC vehicles’ destination freight charges.
  • $16,995
    great price
    $3,150 below market
    • 148,989 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Sandy Lane Auto Sales and Repair (147 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Warwick, RI / 147 miles away from South Portland, ME

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2BKC7GR332839
    Stock: 332839
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-08-2025

  • $17,590
    great price
    $1,414 below market
    • 132,774 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 8 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Thompson Toyota (340 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Doylestown, PA / 340 miles away from South Portland, ME

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2AKC6GR379869
    Stock: 96754A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-02-2025

  • $28,924
    good price
    $3,593 below market
    • 78,307 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Ingersoll Auto of Danbury (224 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Danbury, CT / 224 miles away from South Portland, ME

    Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! Odometer is 7601 miles below market average! CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. 22' 6-Spoke Split Chrome (LPO) Whee...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2BKC7JR341015
    Stock: T341015
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-09-2025

  • $22,995
    great price
    $5,193 below market
    • 111,153 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • The Car House NJ (278 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Butler, NJ / 278 miles away from South Portland, ME

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2BKC9JR205856
    Stock: 205856
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $21,900
    good price
    $2,776 below market
    • 109,687 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Blaise Alexander Chevrolet Buick (374 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Muncy, PA / 374 miles away from South Portland, ME

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2BKC3GR311504
    Stock: B24461A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-28-2025

Showing 43 - 63 out of 1,113 listings

Consumer Reviews for the GMC Yukon

Read recent reviews for the GMC Yukon
Overall Consumer Rating
3.3 out of 5 stars56 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 56 reviews
  • 5 star
    (38%)
  • 4 star
    (14%)
  • 3 star
    (14%)
  • 2 star
    (13%)
  • 1 star
    (21%)
1 out of 5 stars

2015 Yukon Denali - FAIL

John Bucks, 05/11/2018
2015 GMC Yukon Denali 4dr SUV 4WD (6.2L 8cyl 8A)
My 2015 Yukon Denali has turned into a total money sink and GMC refuses to take actions required to deliver the Professional Grade product I purchased. I have literally spent thousands of dollars on repairs for poorly designed components that are not covered under the less than inclusive warranty or extended warranty. Most recently when a valve spring break resulted in an engine tear … down and rebuild, while still under warranty, the dealer has been unable to return my vehicle to an acceptable level of quality. GM also apparently catres little about driver and passenger safety as the LED tail lights are constantly failing and are over $800 to replace. GMC had my respect until this vehicle, if you are considering a GMC Yukon I would look elsewhere and focus on a manufacturer that cares about their customers and the sale of a $75k vehicle that is actually worth the money...Big FAIL GMC!
Report abuse

Used 2017 GMC Yukon in South Portland, ME Values

Estimated values
2017 GMC Yukon Denali 4dr SUV 4WD (6.2L 8cyl 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$21,065$25,636$29,128
Clean$20,536$24,963$28,329
Average$19,654$23,840$26,996
Rough$18,507$22,380$25,265

The average list price of a used 2017 GMC Yukon in South Portland, Maine is $23,388. The average mileage on a used GMC Yukon 2017 for sale in South Portland, Maine is 106,275. Based on the average mileage of 106,275 for used 2017 GMC Yukon for sale in South Portland, ME and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used GMC Yukon 2017 in South Portland, Maine to be $19,654.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.