Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
974 listings
    • 82,024 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Camargo Motors (375 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Mercedes, TX / 375 miles away from Waco, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL4CJASB6GB739154
    Stock: GB739154
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 125,784 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Classic Consignment (130 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Conroe, TX / 130 miles away from Waco, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL4CJBSB2HB019227
    Stock: HB019227
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 92,459 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Galleria Cars (95 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 95 miles away from Waco, TX

    *** 5 Years Maintenance Plan Included *** Nice Premium Package. Burgundy on Tan Leather. 4 Door. Automatic Transmission, AWD, Original Navigation Unit...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL4CJHSB2HB095193
    Stock: 11996
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-14-2025

  • Price Drop
    $11,544
    fair price
    $676 below market
    • 80,967 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Corwin Chrysler Dodge Jeep RAM FIAT of Springfield (452 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Springfield, MO / 452 miles away from Waco, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL4CJASB1HB005927
    Stock: 3005927
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-29-2025

  • Advertisement

    Special offers available

    2026 Buick Encore GX
    $26,295
    starting MSRP
      View Offers 
      The Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price excludes destination freight charge, tax, title, license, dealer fees and optional equipment. Dealer sets final price. Click here to see all Buick vehicles' destination freight charges.
    • $8,988
      fair price
      $637 above market
      • 114,229 miles
      • No accidents, 4 owners, rental vehicle
      • 5 Seats, 25 City / 33 Hwy MPG
      • Bishops Corner Auto Sales (314 mi away)
      • Back-up camera
      • Bluetooth
      • Blind Spot Monitorin...
      • Power Driver Seat
      • Tire Pressure Warnin...
      Close

      Located in Sapulpa, OK / 314 miles away from Waco, TX

      Introducing the luxurious and powerful 2015 Buick Encore Convenience, equipped with a state-of-the-art Ecotec 1.4L Turbo I4 engine that delivers an im...

      AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

      Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

      Personal Use Only: No

      History Provider: AutoCheck

      Title Details: Clean Title

      Salvage Vehicle: No

      Frame Damage: No

      Theft History: No

      Lemon Status: No

      Free History Report: No

      Features and Specs:

      28 Combined MPG (25 City/33 Highway)

      Listing Information:

      VIN: KL4CJBSB2FB137162
      Stock: 137162
      Certified Pre-Owned: No
      Listed since: 08-08-2025

    • Price Drop
      $13,800
      fair price
      $385 below market
      • 46,626 miles
      • No accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
      • 5 Seats, 25 City / 33 Hwy MPG
      • City Auto Memphis (487 mi away)
      • Back-up camera
      • Bluetooth
      • Keyless Entry/Start
      • Power Driver Seat
      • Tire Pressure Warnin...
      Close

      Located in Memphis, TN / 487 miles away from Waco, TX

      Vehicle DetailsDiscover driving delight with this 2017 Buick Encore Preferred — a compact luxury crossover designed for comfort, convenience, ...

      AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

      Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

      Personal Use Only: No

      History Provider: AutoCheck

      Title Details: Clean Title

      Salvage Vehicle: No

      Frame Damage: No

      Theft History: No

      Lemon Status: No

      Free History Report: Yes

      Features and Specs:

      28 Combined MPG (25 City/33 Highway)

      Listing Information:

      VIN: KL4CJASB2HB181904
      Stock: 512509
      Certified Pre-Owned: No
      Listed since: 09-04-2025

      • 62,130 miles
      • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
      • 5 Seats, 25 City / 33 Hwy MPG
      • Carvana - Dallas (89 mi away)
      • Home delivery*
      • Back-up camera
      • Bluetooth
      • Keyless Entry/Start
      • Power Driver Seat
      • Tire Pressure Warnin...
      Close

      Located in Dallas, TX / 89 miles away from Waco, TX

      At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

      AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

      Accident Free Vehicle: No

      Personal Use Only: Yes

      History Provider: AutoCheck

      Title Details: Clean Title

      Salvage Vehicle: No

      Frame Damage: No

      Theft History: No

      Lemon Status: No

      Free History Report: No

      Features and Specs:

      28 Combined MPG (25 City/33 Highway)

      Listing Information:

      VIN: KL4CJASB5HB068206
      Stock: 2003943583
      Certified Pre-Owned: No
      Listed since: 08-09-2025

      • 89,030 miles
      • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
      • 5 Seats, 25 City / 33 Hwy MPG
      • Carvana - Dallas (89 mi away)
      • Home delivery*
      • Back-up camera
      • Bluetooth
      • Keyless Entry/Start
      • Power Driver Seat
      • Tire Pressure Warnin...
      Close

      Located in Dallas, TX / 89 miles away from Waco, TX

      At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

      AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

      Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

      Personal Use Only: No

      History Provider: AutoCheck

      Title Details: Clean Title

      Salvage Vehicle: No

      Frame Damage: No

      Theft History: No

      Lemon Status: No

      Free History Report: No

      Features and Specs:

      28 Combined MPG (25 City/33 Highway)

      Listing Information:

      VIN: KL4CJASB9HB256999
      Stock: 2003998169
      Certified Pre-Owned: No
      Listed since: 08-22-2025

    • Advertisement

      Special offers available

      2026 Buick Encore GX
      $26,295
      starting MSRP
        View Offers 
        The Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price excludes destination freight charge, tax, title, license, dealer fees and optional equipment. Dealer sets final price. Click here to see all Buick vehicles' destination freight charges.
        • 131,049 miles
        • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
        • 5 Seats, 25 City / 33 Hwy MPG
        • Bayer Motor Company (90 mi away)
        • Back-up camera
        • Bluetooth
        • Keyless Entry/Start
        • Power Driver Seat
        • Tire Pressure Warnin...
        Close

        Located in Comanche, TX / 90 miles away from Waco, TX

        Summit White 2017 Buick Encore Preferred FWD 6-Speed Automatic Electronic with Overdrive ECOTEC 1.4L I4 SMPI DOHC Turbocharged VVTCall us directly at ...

        AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

        Accident Free Vehicle: No

        Personal Use Only: Yes

        History Provider: AutoCheck

        Title Details: Clean Title

        Salvage Vehicle: No

        Frame Damage: No

        Theft History: No

        Lemon Status: No

        Free History Report: No

        Features and Specs:

        28 Combined MPG (25 City/33 Highway)

        Listing Information:

        VIN: KL4CJASB5HB077164
        Stock: 54266
        Certified Pre-Owned: No
        Listed since: 03-31-2025

        • 117,983 miles
        • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
        • 5 Seats, 25 City / 33 Hwy MPG
        • Glenn Polk Chevrolet of Sanger (126 mi away)
        • Five Star Dealer
        • Back-up camera
        • Bluetooth
        • Leather Seats
        • Blind Spot Monitorin...
        • Power Driver Seat
        Close

        Located in Sanger, TX / 126 miles away from Waco, TX

        AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

        Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

        Personal Use Only: Yes

        History Provider: AutoCheck

        Title Details: Clean Title

        Salvage Vehicle: No

        Frame Damage: No

        Theft History: No

        Lemon Status: No

        Free History Report: No

        Features and Specs:

        28 Combined MPG (25 City/33 Highway)

        Listing Information:

        VIN: KL4CJCSB4FB175420
        Stock: S114154B
        Certified Pre-Owned: No
        Listed since: 09-03-2025

        • 99,964 miles
        • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
        • 5 Seats, 25 City / 33 Hwy MPG
        • Thornhill Motor Company (89 mi away)
        • Back-up camera
        • Bluetooth
        • Keyless Entry/Start
        • Power Driver Seat
        • Tire Pressure Warnin...
        Close

        Located in Fort Worth, TX / 89 miles away from Waco, TX

        AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

        Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

        Personal Use Only: Yes

        History Provider: AutoCheck

        Title Details: Clean Title

        Salvage Vehicle: No

        Frame Damage: No

        Theft History: No

        Lemon Status: No

        Free History Report: No

        Features and Specs:

        28 Combined MPG (25 City/33 Highway)

        Listing Information:

        VIN: KL4CJASB4HB236045
        Stock: 19292
        Certified Pre-Owned: No

      • $14,959
        fair price
        $588 below market
        • 40,819 miles
        • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
        • 5 Seats, 25 City / 33 Hwy MPG
        • AutoNation Ford Memphis (484 mi away)
        • Back-up camera
        • Bluetooth
        • Navigation
        • Keyless Entry/Start
        • Blind Spot Monitorin...
        Close

        Located in Memphis, TN / 484 miles away from Waco, TX

        Audio System; Buick Intellilink Radio With Navigation; AM/FM StereoNavigation SystemWinterberry Red MetallicKeyless StartBlack Carbon Metallic Low...

        AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

        Accident Free Vehicle: No

        Personal Use Only: No

        History Provider: AutoCheck

        Title Details: Clean Title

        Salvage Vehicle: No

        Frame Damage: No

        Theft History: No

        Lemon Status: No

        Free History Report: No

        Features and Specs:

        28 Combined MPG (25 City/33 Highway)

        Listing Information:

        VIN: KL4CJBSB2HB001973
        Stock: HB001973
        Certified Pre-Owned: No
        Listed since: 09-17-2025

      • Advertisement

        Special offers available

        2026 Buick Encore GX
        $26,295
        starting MSRP
          View Offers 
          The Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price excludes destination freight charge, tax, title, license, dealer fees and optional equipment. Dealer sets final price. Click here to see all Buick vehicles' destination freight charges.
        • Photos not available
          $8,999
          fair price
          $274 above market
          • 125,242 miles
          • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
          • 5 Seats, 25 City / 33 Hwy MPG
          • South Pointe Honda (318 mi away)
          • Back-up camera
          • Bluetooth
          • Power Driver Seat
          • Tire Pressure Warnin...
          • Alarm
          Close

          Located in Tulsa, OK / 318 miles away from Waco, TX

          WiFi Hotspot, Onboard Communications System, Back-Up Camera, Turbo, ENGINE, ECOTEC TURBO 1.4L VARIABLE VALVE TIMING DOHC 4-CYLINDER SEQUENTIAL MFI, AU...

          AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

          Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

          Personal Use Only: No

          History Provider: AutoCheck

          Title Details: Clean Title

          Salvage Vehicle: No

          Frame Damage: No

          Theft History: No

          Lemon Status: No

          Free History Report: Yes

          Features and Specs:

          28 Combined MPG (25 City/33 Highway)

          Listing Information:

          VIN: KL4CJASB0FB151409
          Stock: FB151409
          Certified Pre-Owned: No
          Listed since: 08-16-2025

        • $11,831
          fair price
          $756 above market
          • 86,707 miles
          • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
          • 5 Seats, 25 City / 33 Hwy MPG
          • Jim Norton T-Town Chevrolet (322 mi away)
          • Back-up camera
          • Bluetooth
          • Keyless Entry/Start
          • Power Driver Seat
          • Tire Pressure Warnin...
          Close

          Located in Tulsa, OK / 322 miles away from Waco, TX

          AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

          Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

          Personal Use Only: Yes

          History Provider: AutoCheck

          Title Details: Clean Title

          Salvage Vehicle: No

          Frame Damage: No

          Theft History: No

          Lemon Status: No

          Free History Report: No

          Features and Specs:

          28 Combined MPG (25 City/33 Highway)

          Listing Information:

          VIN: KL4CJASB1HB010416
          Stock: PLG752A
          Certified Pre-Owned: No
          Listed since: 09-08-2025

        • New Listing
          • 69,249 miles
          • 5 Seats, 25 City / 33 Hwy MPG
          • CarMax Texas Stadium (Irving) (90 mi away)
          • Back-up camera
          • Bluetooth
          • Keyless Entry/Start
          • Power Driver Seat
          • Tire Pressure Warnin...
          Close

          Located in Irving, TX / 90 miles away from Waco, TX

          CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

          AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

          Features and Specs:

          28 Combined MPG (25 City/33 Highway)

          Listing Information:

          VIN: KL4CJASB9HB058097
          Stock: 27647236
          Certified Pre-Owned: No

        • New Listing
          Stock photo**
          $10,373
          fair price
          $28 below market
          • 122,488 miles
          • 5 Seats, 25 City / 33 Hwy MPG
          • Gray-Daniels Toyota (419 mi away)
          • Back-up camera
          • Bluetooth
          • Navigation
          • Leather Seats
          • Sunroof/Moonroof
          Close

          Located in Brandon, MS / 419 miles away from Waco, TX

          Ebony Twilight Metallic 2017 Buick Encore Essence 4D Sport Utility FWD 6-Speed Automatic Electronic with Overdrive ECOTEC 1.4L I4 SMPI DOHC Turbocharg...

          AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

          Features and Specs:

          28 Combined MPG (25 City/33 Highway)

          Listing Information:

          VIN: KL4CJCSB0HB125049
          Stock: HB125049
          Certified Pre-Owned: No
          Listed since: 09-22-2025

        • Advertisement

          Special offers available

          2026 Buick Encore GX
          $26,295
          starting MSRP
            View Offers 
            The Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price excludes destination freight charge, tax, title, license, dealer fees and optional equipment. Dealer sets final price. Click here to see all Buick vehicles' destination freight charges.
          • New Listing
            • 86,282 miles
            • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
            • 5 Seats, 25 City / 33 Hwy MPG
            • CarMax Austin North (84 mi away)
            • Back-up camera
            • Bluetooth
            • Navigation
            • Leather Seats
            • Sunroof/Moonroof
            Close

            Located in Austin, TX / 84 miles away from Waco, TX

            CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

            AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

            Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

            Personal Use Only: Yes

            History Provider: AutoCheck

            Title Details: Clean Title

            Salvage Vehicle: No

            Frame Damage: No

            Theft History: No

            Lemon Status: No

            Free History Report: No

            Features and Specs:

            28 Combined MPG (25 City/33 Highway)

            Listing Information:

            VIN: KL4CJCSB3HB005875
            Stock: 27619342
            Certified Pre-Owned: No

          • New Listing
            • 86,811 miles
            • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
            • 5 Seats, 25 City / 33 Hwy MPG
            • Carvana - Dallas (89 mi away)
            • Home delivery*
            • Back-up camera
            • Bluetooth
            • Navigation
            • Keyless Entry/Start
            • Blind Spot Monitorin...
            Close

            Located in Dallas, TX / 89 miles away from Waco, TX

            At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

            AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

            Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

            Personal Use Only: Yes

            History Provider: AutoCheck

            Title Details: Clean Title

            Salvage Vehicle: No

            Frame Damage: No

            Theft History: No

            Lemon Status: No

            Free History Report: No

            Features and Specs:

            28 Combined MPG (25 City/33 Highway)

            Listing Information:

            VIN: KL4CJ1SB9HB209679
            Stock: 2003958406
            Certified Pre-Owned: No
            Listed since: 08-27-2025

            • 86,268 miles
            • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
            • 5 Seats, 25 City / 33 Hwy MPG
            • CarMax Garland (95 mi away)
            • Back-up camera
            • Bluetooth
            • Leather Seats
            • Blind Spot Monitorin...
            • Power Driver Seat
            Close

            Located in Garland, TX / 95 miles away from Waco, TX

            CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

            AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

            Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

            Personal Use Only: Yes

            History Provider: AutoCheck

            Title Details: Clean Title

            Salvage Vehicle: No

            Frame Damage: No

            Theft History: No

            Lemon Status: No

            Free History Report: No

            Features and Specs:

            28 Combined MPG (25 City/33 Highway)

            Listing Information:

            VIN: KL4CJCSBXFB128604
            Stock: 26754667
            Certified Pre-Owned: No

            • 93,258 miles
            • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
            • 5 Seats, 25 City / 33 Hwy MPG
            • Carvana - San Antonio (168 mi away)
            • Home delivery*
            • Back-up camera
            • Bluetooth
            • Leather Seats
            • Keyless Entry/Start
            • Upgraded Headlights
            Close

            Located in San Antonio, TX / 168 miles away from Waco, TX

            At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

            AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

            Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

            Personal Use Only: Yes

            History Provider: AutoCheck

            Title Details: Clean Title

            Salvage Vehicle: No

            Frame Damage: No

            Theft History: No

            Lemon Status: No

            Free History Report: No

            Features and Specs:

            28 Combined MPG (25 City/33 Highway)

            Listing Information:

            VIN: KL4CJCSB1HB144239
            Stock: 2003818903
            Certified Pre-Owned: No
            Listed since: 06-16-2025

            • 119,535 miles
            • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
            • 5 Seats, 25 City / 33 Hwy MPG
            • Mac Haik Toyota (187 mi away)
            • Back-up camera
            • Bluetooth
            • Keyless Entry/Start
            • Power Driver Seat
            • Tire Pressure Warnin...
            Close

            Located in League City, TX / 187 miles away from Waco, TX

            AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

            Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

            Personal Use Only: Yes

            History Provider: AutoCheck

            Title Details: Clean Title

            Salvage Vehicle: No

            Frame Damage: No

            Theft History: No

            Lemon Status: No

            Free History Report: No

            Features and Specs:

            28 Combined MPG (25 City/33 Highway)

            Listing Information:

            VIN: KL4CJ3SB6HB082529
            Stock: P14812A
            Certified Pre-Owned: No
            Listed since: 08-23-2025

          Showing 22 - 42 out of 974 listings

          Consumer Reviews for the Buick Encore

          Read recent reviews for the Buick Encore
          Overall Consumer Rating
          3.5 out of 5 stars69 Reviews
          Write a vehicle reviewSee all 69 reviews
          • 5 star
            (41%)
          • 4 star
            (19%)
          • 3 star
            (7%)
          • 2 star
            (13%)
          • 1 star
            (20%)
          5 out of 5 stars

          We grew out of this

          Okiepro, 06/01/2018
          2016 Buick Encore Convenience 4dr SUV (1.4L 4cyl Turbo 6A)
          As our three grandkids have grown, the vehicle has gotten too small. Moved up to a bigger SUV. This is a small but comfortable SUV. Lots of of front legroom. I've never had a vehicle that I didn't have to move the seat all the way back. Carries grandkids and groceries with ease. Nimble and responsive... fun to drive. After almost two years, no repairs needed and no squeaks or creaks. … My grown sons can even get comfortable in the back seat.
          Report abuse

          Used 2016 Buick Encore in Waco, TX Values

          Estimated values
          2016 Buick Encore 4dr SUV (1.4L 4cyl Turbo 6A) with no options
          ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
          Outstanding$5,490$8,427$10,518
          Clean$5,223$7,997$9,955
          Average$4,778$7,279$9,018
          Rough$4,200$6,347$7,799

          The average list price of a used 2016 Buick Encore in Waco, Texas is $12,002. The average mileage on a used Buick Encore 2016 for sale in Waco, Texas is 93,281. Based on the average mileage of 93,281 for used 2016 Buick Encore for sale in Waco, TX and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Buick Encore 2016 in Waco, Texas to be $4,778.

          Filters
          Skip to Results

          Applied Filters4Active

          Select Buying Experience

          Location

          Search radius500 miles
          Search radius

          Make & Model

          Year

          New / Used

          Price & Payments

          Price Rating

          Body Type

          Trim

          Mileage

          Accidents & History

          Engine & Drivetrain

          Exterior Color

          Interior Color

          Total Seating

          Edmunds Review

          Features

          Options & Packages

          MPG

          Listing Details


          * Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.