Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
1,086 listings
  • $23,999
    great price
    $4,991 below market
    • 202,356 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6'4” bed, 6.7l, 6cyl
    • DRIVEN (284 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Boise, ID / 284 miles away from Spokane, WA

    ?? MONKEY MADNESS BLOWOUT SALE! ??We're clearing out the Monkey Lot to make room for new inventory�so these vehicles are priced to MOVE!?? Blowout Pri...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C6UR5GL7FG536993
    Stock: MA536993
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $26,995
    fair price
    $1,337 above market
    • 170,035 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 6'4” bed, 6.7l, 6cyl
    • George Gee Kia (12 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Liberty Lake, WA / 12 miles away from Spokane, WA

    Black Clearcoat 2015 Ram 2500 Big Horn 4WD 6-Speed Automatic Cummins 6.7L I6 Turbodiesel 115V Auxiliary Power Outlet, 180 Amp Alternator, 3.42 Rear Ax...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C6UR5DL4FG538219
    Stock: 160330B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-19-2025

  • $29,995
    fair price
    $748 below market
    • 110,452 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 6'4” bed, 6.4l, 8cyl
    • AutoNation Chevrolet Spokane Valley (4 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Spokane Valley, WA / 4 miles away from Spokane, WA

    Engine: 6.4L V8 Mid Duty Hemi MdsRadio: Uconnect 8.4A AM/FM/Sxm/Bt5Th Wheel/Gooseneck Towing Prep GroupWheels: 18" X 8.0" Polished Forged Aluminum...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C6UR5MJ0FG582233
    Stock: FG582233
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-09-2025

  • Price Drop
    $27,504
    fair price
    $18 below market
    • 210,520 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6'4” bed, 6.7l, 6cyl
    • West Hills Ford (247 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Bremerton, WA / 247 miles away from Spokane, WA

    CARFAX One-Owner.Clean CARFAX.Laramie 4WD Granite Crystal Metallic ClearcoatCOMPONENTS REPLACED DURING MULTIPOINT INSPECTION:•OIL CHANGED WITH FI...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C6UR5FLXFG697162
    Stock: FO5364A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-17-2025

  • Price Drop
    $23,796
    good price
    $1,053 below market
    • 152,108 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 8'2” bed, 6.4l, 8cyl
    • Driveway (435 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Billings, MT / 435 miles away from Spokane, WA

    Rare Find,Back-Up Camera,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Leather Seats,Navigation System,Remote Start,Satellite Radio,Sunroof / Moonro...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C6UR5KJ0FG563538
    Stock: 53579
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $31,995
    good price
    $1,424 below market
    • 136,873 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 6'4” bed, 8cyl
    • JD Auto PDX (294 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Gladstone, OR / 294 miles away from Spokane, WA

    2015 RAM 2500 4WD CREW CAB LARAMIE 6.7L DIESEL CUMMINS / CLEAN TITLE AND CLEAN CARFAX / NO ACCIDENTS / AUTOMATIC W 4X4 / N/ PREMIUM PACKAGE / MAX TOWI...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C6UR5FL9FG673113
    Stock: 673113-312
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $37,555
    fair price
    $4,426 above market
    • 90,858 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 8'2” bed, 6.7l, 6cyl
    • West Coast Auto Works - Everett (227 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Everett, WA / 227 miles away from Spokane, WA

    WCA is offering this Don't miss out! Contact us today to schedule a test drive or for more information. � WEST COAST AUTOWORKS 425-320-5555 � 1...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C6UR5JL6FG587331
    Stock: 11888
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-13-2025

  • $35,000
    fair price
    $369 below market
    • 137,956 miles
    • 2 accidents, 5 owners, personal use only
    • 6'4” bed, 6.7l, 6cyl
    • Carr Chevrolet (299 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Beaverton, OR / 299 miles away from Spokane, WA

    Brilliant Black Crystal Pearlcoat 2015 Ram 2500 Laramie 4WD 6-Speed Automatic Cummins 6.7L I6 TurbodieselOdometer is 11245 miles below market avera...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C6UR5FL1FG655835
    Stock: C250209B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-06-2025

  • New Listing
    $24,991
    great price
    $6,884 below market
    • 124,393 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 6'4” bed, 6.4l, 8cyl
    • Lancaster Auto Group (295 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Portland, OR / 295 miles away from Spokane, WA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C6TR5FJ6EG281697
    Stock: 281697
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 62,759 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8'2” bed, 8cyl
    • Austin's Auto Sales (232 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Edgewood, WA / 232 miles away from Spokane, WA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C6UR5JL7FG664787
    Stock: 10632
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-13-2025

  • $32,499
    great price
    $5,811 below market
    • 122,250 miles
    • No accidents, 5 owners, personal use only
    • 6'4” bed, 6.4l, 8cyl
    • KT Auto Sales (235 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Puyallup, WA / 235 miles away from Spokane, WA

    Visit KT Auto Sales online at ktautowa.com to see more pictures of this vehicle or call us at 253-527-5855 today to schedule your test driveA negotia...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C6UR5NJ1GG166904
    Stock: 846
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 121,752 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 6'4” bed, 8cyl
    • Austin's Auto Sales (232 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Edgewood, WA / 232 miles away from Spokane, WA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C6UR5CL5FG651534
    Stock: 10601
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-02-2025

  • $31,995
    good price
    $4,233 below market
    • 156,898 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6'4” bed, 6.7l, 6cyl
    • Power Chevrolet GMC (381 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Newport, OR / 381 miles away from Spokane, WA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C6UR5FL1GG159970
    Stock: G40065B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-01-2025

  • New Listing
    $26,430
    good price
    $4,271 below market
    • 95,387 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 6'4” bed, 6.4l, 8cyl
    • AutoNation Honda Renton (226 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Renton, WA / 226 miles away from Spokane, WA

    Engine: 6.4L V8 Mid Duty Hemi MdsPower SunroofWheel To Wheel Side StepsSun/MoonroofBlack; Leather Trimmed Bucket SeatsLeather SeatsRadio: Uconne...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C6UR5FJ1EG156515
    Stock: EG156515
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-11-2025

  • $31,897
    fair price
    $1,873 below market
    • 79,969 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 6'4” bed, 6.4l, 8cyl
    • Maxx Autos Plus (234 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Puyallup, WA / 234 miles away from Spokane, WA

    2016 Ram 2500 Big Horn Brilliant Black Crystal PearlcoatMECHANICALLY INSPECTED AND DETAILED, Alloy Wheels, Audio Package, Backup Camera, Bi Xenon H...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C6UR5DJ2GG369947
    Stock: 17055
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-21-2025

  • $29,991
    good price
    $3,061 below market
    • 104,446 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6'4” bed, 6.4l, 8cyl
    • Kendall at the Idaho Center Auto Mall (283 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Nampa, ID / 283 miles away from Spokane, WA

    1 Year Trial (Registration Required), 10 Speakers, 115V Auxiliary Power Outlet, 180 Amp Alternator, 3.73 Rear Axle Ratio, 4-Wheel Disc Brakes, 5-Year ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C6UR5FJ4GG278787
    Stock: D152412A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-01-2025

  • Photos not available
    $21,990
    good price
    $2,467 below market
    • 128,539 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6'4” bed, 6.4l, 8cyl
    • Lithia Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram FIAT of Eugene (370 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    Close

    Located in Eugene, OR / 370 miles away from Spokane, WA

    CARFAX 1-Owner. iPod/MP3 Input, 4x4, Hitch, PARKVIEW REAR BACK-UP CAMERA, PARKSENSE REAR PARK ASSIST SYSTEM, SINGLE DISC REMOTE CD PLAYER, POWER BLACK...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C6UR5CJ4GG369983
    Stock: GG369983
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-04-2025

  • $40,991
    fair price
    $1,071 below market
    • 86,980 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 6'4” bed, 8cyl
    • Daytona Motor Co (230 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Lynnwood, WA / 230 miles away from Spokane, WA

    Ram 2500 Laramie 4x4 Local trade, two owners, clean title, clean Carfax, extremely well maintained, low miles, automatic transmission, leather, heat...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C6UR5FL2GG277591
    Stock: 277591
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-28-2025

  • $26,997
    fair price
    $1,470 below market
    • 109,060 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6'4” bed, 5.7l, 8cyl
    • Klamath Falls Subaru (433 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Klamath Falls, OR / 433 miles away from Spokane, WA

    Clean CARFAX.4WDTrust Klamath Falls Subaru For Great Cars and Great Service In Klamath Falls, OR.Come and see only the finest Rams at Klamath Fall...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C6TR5DT0GG323353
    Stock: P323353
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-01-2025

  • Price Drop
    $38,999
    fair price
    $749 below market
    • 95,541 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 6'4” bed, 6.7l, 6cyl
    • Sports Cars International - Lynnwood South (230 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Lynnwood, WA / 230 miles away from Spokane, WA

    Experience the perfect blend of power, luxury, and reliability with this 2016 Ram 2500 Laramie. Dressed in a striking Bright White Clear Coat exterior...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C6UR5FL0GG220323
    Stock: 21353
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-27-2025

  • Price Drop
    Photos not available
    $45,790
    fair price
    $292 below market
    • 43,317 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 8'2” bed, 6.7l, 6cyl
    • Power Buick GMC of Salem (327 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Salem, OR / 327 miles away from Spokane, WA

    Recent Arrival! Odometer is 56577 miles below market average! 4WD 6-Speed Automatic Cummins 6.7L I6 TurbodieselDiscover top-quality new and pre-own...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C6UR5JL6GG141360
    Stock: D141360
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-21-2025

Showing 1 - 21 out of 1,086 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Ram 2500

Read recent reviews for the Ram 2500
Overall Consumer Rating
3.5 out of 5 stars36 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 36 reviews
  • 5 star
    (31%)
  • 4 star
    (25%)
  • 3 star
    (17%)
  • 2 star
    (19%)
  • 1 star
    (8%)
4.5 out of 5 stars

2015 RAM Cummins, Great Truck, Always Room For Improvement Though

ltngdrvr, 03/23/2015
2015 Ram 2500 Lone Star 4dr Mega Cab SB (5.7L 8cyl 6A)
Ordered my 2015 RAM 2500 Mega Cab Cummins, picked it up 02/09/15 and in the last 6 weeks have racked up over 10K miles. I traded in a 2012 F250 Crew Cab Long Bed PowerStroke that I had put over 200K on. So far I am really liking my RAM although there is room for improvement.My ford pulled better, even though both have the same torque at 800. I can only attribute this to the difference … between the faster revving V8 vs the big inline 6 of the Cummins. If RAM made the 3.73 or 4.10 gear ratios optional in the Single Rear Wheel trucks over the 3.42 ratio, maybe it would match the ford's pulling abilities. That would probably hurt fuel economy empty. I have gotten as high as 21.7 MPG in the RAM.
Report abuse

Used 2015 Ram 2500 in Spokane, WA Values

Estimated values
2015 Ram 2500 Longhorn 4dr Crew Cab 4WD SB (6.7L 6cyl Turbodiesel 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$26,910$29,553$31,332
Clean$25,868$28,345$29,985
Average$24,131$26,332$27,739
Rough$21,874$23,715$24,820

The average list price of a used 2015 Ram 2500 in Spokane, Washington is $31,348. The average mileage on a used Ram 2500 2015 for sale in Spokane, Washington is 121,069. Based on the average mileage of 121,069 for used 2015 Ram 2500 for sale in Spokane, WA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Ram 2500 2015 in Spokane, Washington to be $24,131.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Truck Details

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.