Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
384 listings
  • New Listing
    $14,000
    fair price
    $228 above market
    • 73,000 miles
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Volkswagen of Little Rock (234 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Auto Climate Control
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Little Rock, AR / 234 miles away from Tyler, TX

    CARFAX One-Owner.Pepper White 2015 MINI Cooper S FWD 6-Speed Automatic with Steptronic 1.6L I4 DOHC 16V TurbochargedRecent Arrival!25/34 City/Highway ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWZP3C54F2A91444
    Stock: L62218A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-05-2025

    • 172,666 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 3cyl automatic
    • Hegazi Motors (255 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Oklahoma City, OK / 255 miles away from Tyler, TX

    Visit Hegazi Motors LLC to shop our great deals. You can contact us or call 4**-4**-3*** to schedule your test drive today.

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXS5C50FT828924
    Stock: M828924
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-24-2024

  • New Listing
    • 53,764 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 3cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from VA to TX*
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Upgraded Stereo
    Close

    Located in Sterling, VA / 1,102 miles away from Tyler, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXS5C52FT833784
    Stock: 26840504
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 57,742 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 3cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 974 miles away from Tyler, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXM5C59FT939580
    Stock: 2003673238
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-17-2025

    • 67,197 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 974 miles away from Tyler, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXP7C51F2A34567
    Stock: 2003621773
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-18-2025

  • New Listing
    • 43,126 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to TX*
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 1,524 miles away from Tyler, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXP7C53F2A36207
    Stock: 27333998
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 48,820 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 3cyl manual
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NE to TX*
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Omaha, NE / 619 miles away from Tyler, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXM5C52F3A96597
    Stock: 26810245
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 42,088 miles
    • No accidents, 6 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TN to TX*
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Murfreesboro, TN / 561 miles away from Tyler, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWZN3C53FT863073
    Stock: 27268479
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 63,097 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 1,524 miles away from Tyler, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXP7C57F2A39112
    Stock: 27211073
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 68,179 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to TX*
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Fremont, CA / 1,547 miles away from Tyler, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXP7C5XF2A38360
    Stock: 26542721
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 71,140 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 3cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to TX*
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Fresno, CA / 1,424 miles away from Tyler, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXM5C54FT941298
    Stock: 26806950
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 86,325 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 3cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NC to TX*
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Raleigh, NC / 978 miles away from Tyler, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXS5C51FT827958
    Stock: 27314480
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 87,694 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to TX*
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 1,524 miles away from Tyler, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXP7C51F2A39655
    Stock: 26944952
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 60,495 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 3cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NY to TX*
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in East Meadow, NY / 1,334 miles away from Tyler, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXM5C54FT941446
    Stock: 27110028
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 74,492 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 3cyl manual
    • Autobahn Motors USA (466 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Kansas City, MO / 466 miles away from Tyler, TX

    1111 WESTPORT ROAD __ KANSAS CITY MO 64111 __ 8**.5**.3*** __ www.autobahn-usa.com ==== === LOW MILES === 74K MILES === 1 OWNER === ONE ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXM5C59FT974393
    Stock: 974393
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-05-2025

  • New Listing
    • 71,595 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 3cyl manual
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to TX*
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Roseville, CA / 1,519 miles away from Tyler, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXS5C56FT837143
    Stock: 26152480
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 90,233 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Moreno Motor Sports (492 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Pensacola, FL / 492 miles away from Tyler, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXU3C54F2B58494
    Stock: TCM2168
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-10-2024

  • New Listing
    • 84,862 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 3cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from AZ to TX*
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Tolleson, AZ / 986 miles away from Tyler, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXM5C54FT941124
    Stock: 27205779
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 83,165 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 3cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from AL to TX*
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Dothan, AL / 585 miles away from Tyler, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXM5C52FT939632
    Stock: 26692753
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 73,891 miles
    • No accidents, 5 owners, personal use
    • 3cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to TX*
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Santa Rosa, CA / 1,594 miles away from Tyler, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXM5C54FT940636
    Stock: 27235723
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 71,349 miles
    • No accidents, 6 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 855 miles away from Tyler, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXM9C51FT996539
    Stock: 2003649341
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-20-2025

Showing 64 - 84 out of 384 listings

Consumer Reviews for the MINI Cooper

Read recent reviews for the MINI Cooper
Overall Consumer Rating
4.1 out of 5 stars37 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 37 reviews
  • 5 star
    (51%)
  • 4 star
    (24%)
  • 3 star
    (14%)
  • 2 star
    (5%)
  • 1 star
    (5%)
4 out of 5 stars

BMW doesn't honor its warranty

Dr. Henry Mullaney, 12/19/2015
2015 MINI Cooper John Cooper Works 2dr Hatchback (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 6M)
Mini Cooper provides a 3 year warranty on the car, but BMW refuses to honor it. BMW makes the engine, clutch, and transmission for Mini Cooper. To simplify logistics, they use the same clutch on all their Mini drive chains. As an engineer, I know that the first rule for choosing a clutch for a car is that it should be able to handle the torque produced by the engine. The Mini clutch … was designed for the standard 140 HP Mini engine. The JCW comes with 208 HP. To make matters worse, the Mini clutch is backwards from standard clutches. During shifting, the clutch disengages the transmission and not the engine. That means that the thrust bearing continues to rotate while handling a lot of load. The standard half inch steel bearing cannot hold up to the 208 HP engine. There is an easy fix to this problem which engineers know about. You replace the half inch steel bearing with a three quarter inch ceramic bearing made to handle the horsepower. To save less that $10 per car, BMW decided not to do this. Therefore their clutches wear out. The last time my clutch failed, about 2 years after purchase with a three year warranty, BMW refused to pay for my warranty repair, and I am out about $2000. I asked my dealer to use a heavy duty clutch which I would buy during this last repair. But their contract with Mini Cooper doesn't allow them to use any parts but BMW parts. BMW tells me that I do not know how to drive a clutched car. I have driven Saabs with standard transmissions and clutches for over 20 years and have never had a clutch failure. I currently drive a 1999 Saab 9-3 convertible with 150,000 miles on it, with the original clutch still working fine.
Report abuse

Used 2015 MINI Cooper in Tyler, TX Values

Estimated values
2015 MINI Cooper S 2dr Convertible (1.6L 4cyl Turbo 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$9,513$11,898$13,501
Clean$9,116$11,359$12,842
Average$8,455$10,460$11,743
Rough$7,595$9,292$10,314

The average list price of a used 2015 MINI Cooper in Tyler, Texas is $13,754. The average mileage on a used MINI Cooper 2015 for sale in Tyler, Texas is 73,568. Based on the average mileage of 73,568 for used 2015 MINI Cooper for sale in Tyler, TX and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used MINI Cooper 2015 in Tyler, Texas to be $8,455.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.