Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
358 listings
  • $11,000
    great price
    $2,290 below market
    • 70,482 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use
    • 24 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Norman Hyundai (487 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Norman, OK / 487 miles away from Des Moines, IA

    Shop Quality Pre-Owned Cars, Trucks, SUVs, and Sedans at Norman Hyundai in Norman, OK Welcome to the all-new Norman Hyundai, your trusted dealership f...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXU3C58F2B58109
    Stock: SA123061A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-31-2025

  • Price Drop
    $13,888
    fair price
    $595 below market
    • 23,561 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Chicago Auto Place (289 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Auto Climate Control
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Downers Grove, IL / 289 miles away from Des Moines, IA

    Thank you for visiting another one of Chicago Auto Place's exclusive listings! CALL US NOW FOR A FREE QUOTE 630-422-1122 FOR MORE PHOTOS VISIT WWW.CHI...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWZN3C5XFT862907
    Stock: H9239
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-21-2025

  • $8,995
    fair price
    $443 below market
    • 115,601 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 24 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • The Internet Car Lot (127 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Omaha, NE / 127 miles away from Des Moines, IA

    Discover the 2015 MINI Cooper Hardtop 4 Door S, featuring a spirited 2.0L turbocharged 4-cylinder engine that delivers an efficient 24 city / 34 highw...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXU3C59F2B66414
    Stock: B66414COC71805
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $17,998
    fair price
    $117 above market
    • 30,327 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 24 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Schaumburg (288 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Schaumburg, IL / 288 miles away from Des Moines, IA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXU3C5XF2B66101
    Stock: 27700097
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $5,874
    good price
    $773 below market
    • 137,737 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use
    • 29 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • A2Z Autos (410 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 410 miles away from Des Moines, IA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXM5C59FT940583
    Stock: H0186
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 35,794 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 24 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Tinley Park (302 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Tinley Park, IL / 302 miles away from Des Moines, IA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXU3C59F2B56997
    Stock: 27846184
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $8,750
    fair price
    $859 below market
    • 92,452 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 29 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • AJ's Motors (128 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Omaha, NE / 128 miles away from Des Moines, IA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXS5C59FT833880
    Stock: 833880
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 83,575 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 29 City / 40 Hwy MPG, Manual
    • CarMax Waukesha (296 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Upgraded Stereo
    Close

    Located in Waukesha, WI / 296 miles away from Des Moines, IA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXS5C59FT837668
    Stock: 27722142
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 71,462 miles
    • 24 City / 34 Hwy MPG, Manual
    • CarMax Grand Rapids (Kentwood) (423 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Kentwood, MI / 423 miles away from Des Moines, IA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXP7C57F2A58324
    Stock: 27217647
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $18,000
    great price
    $2,614 below market
    • 50,044 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Volkswagen of Downtown Chicago (310 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 310 miles away from Des Moines, IA

    A car that truly needs no introduction, our 2016 MINI Cooper Convertible S is ravishing and promises driving excitement! Motivated by a Twin Power Tur...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWWG9C5XG3A91370
    Stock: 91370K
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-05-2025

  • New Listing
    $19,998
    fair price
    $1,267 above market
    • 25,189 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 3cyl automatic
    • CarMax Maplewood (239 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Auto Climate Control
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Maplewood, MN / 239 miles away from Des Moines, IA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (27 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWWG5C56G3A83369
    Stock: 26879971
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $12,450
    fair price
    $144 below market
    • 106,248 miles
    • 1 accident, 5 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 23 City / 31 Hwy MPG, Manual
    • Chase Auto Credit (471 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Oklahoma City, OK / 471 miles away from Des Moines, IA

    Visit Chase Auto Credit online at www.chaseautocreditok.com to see more pictures of this vehicle or call us at 405-601-8020 today to schedule your te...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXM9C56GT996974
    Stock: 2154
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $15,900
    fair price
    $138 above market
    • 61,512 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Holt Motors (243 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Cokato, MN / 243 miles away from Des Moines, IA

    *NO ACCIDENTS, *GOOD TIRES, *GOOD BRAKES, *LOCAL TRADE-IN. Recent Arrival!Clean CARFAX. 25/34 City/Highway MPGAwards:* JD Power Vehicle Dependability ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWWG9C53G3A91033
    Stock: 76143A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-12-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 59,773 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 29 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Memphis (487 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Memphis, TN / 487 miles away from Des Moines, IA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXM5C59ET934023
    Stock: 27383467
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $7,999
    great price
    $3,593 below market
    • 101,718 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 24 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • US Motors (180 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Kansas City, KS / 180 miles away from Des Moines, IA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXP7C54F2A39021
    Stock: A39021
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $9,875
    fair price
    $306 below market
    • 59,712 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 29 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • Dubs Automotive Sales (412 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Henderson, KY / 412 miles away from Des Moines, IA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXM5C58ET932960
    Stock: NV-211
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $9,995
    great price
    $2,477 below market
    • 100,000 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 24 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Ben's Auto Sales (472 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Warr Acres, OK / 472 miles away from Des Moines, IA

    THESE ARE SPECIAL INTERNET PRICES ONLY. MUST MENTION THIS ADD AT THE TIME OF SALE.For more photos and information, visit our website at www.bensautosa...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXP7C59F2A41041
    Stock: 20596
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-29-2025

  • $6,999
    great price
    $1,551 below market
    • 116,533 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 24 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Elite Auto Group (467 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Cabot, AR / 467 miles away from Des Moines, IA

    Buckle up and get ready to zip around town in this fiery 2015 Red MINI Cooper - the perfect blend of style and performance! With its sleek lines and s...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXU3C51F2B56797
    Stock: B56797
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-27-2025

  • Stock photo**
    $5,900
    great price
    $1,658 below market
    • 123,032 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 29 City / 40 Hwy MPG, Manual
    • Honeyman Ford (175 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Seneca, KS / 175 miles away from Des Moines, IA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXS5C5XFT832205
    Stock: PF120824A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-21-2025

  • $5,999
    great price
    $2,065 below market
    • 91,000 miles
    • 1 accident, 5 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 29 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • Jefferson Street Motors (91 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Waterloo, IA / 91 miles away from Des Moines, IA

    Runs and drives good!

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXM5C54FT937395
    Stock: 937395
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-06-2025

  • New Listing
    • 96,273 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 29 City / 40 Hwy MPG, Manual
    • Car Box (292 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Oakbrook Terrace, IL / 292 miles away from Des Moines, IA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMWXM5C56ET731171
    Stock: A050
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 1 - 21 out of 358 listings

Consumer Reviews for the MINI Cooper

Read recent reviews for the MINI Cooper
Overall Consumer Rating
4.1 out of 5 stars37 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 37 reviews
  • 5 star
    (51%)
  • 4 star
    (24%)
  • 3 star
    (14%)
  • 2 star
    (5%)
  • 1 star
    (5%)
4 out of 5 stars

BMW doesn't honor its warranty

Dr. Henry Mullaney, 12/19/2015
2015 MINI Cooper John Cooper Works 2dr Hatchback (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 6M)
Mini Cooper provides a 3 year warranty on the car, but BMW refuses to honor it. BMW makes the engine, clutch, and transmission for Mini Cooper. To simplify logistics, they use the same clutch on all their Mini drive chains. As an engineer, I know that the first rule for choosing a clutch for a car is that it should be able to handle the torque produced by the engine. The Mini clutch … was designed for the standard 140 HP Mini engine. The JCW comes with 208 HP. To make matters worse, the Mini clutch is backwards from standard clutches. During shifting, the clutch disengages the transmission and not the engine. That means that the thrust bearing continues to rotate while handling a lot of load. The standard half inch steel bearing cannot hold up to the 208 HP engine. There is an easy fix to this problem which engineers know about. You replace the half inch steel bearing with a three quarter inch ceramic bearing made to handle the horsepower. To save less that $10 per car, BMW decided not to do this. Therefore their clutches wear out. The last time my clutch failed, about 2 years after purchase with a three year warranty, BMW refused to pay for my warranty repair, and I am out about $2000. I asked my dealer to use a heavy duty clutch which I would buy during this last repair. But their contract with Mini Cooper doesn't allow them to use any parts but BMW parts. BMW tells me that I do not know how to drive a clutched car. I have driven Saabs with standard transmissions and clutches for over 20 years and have never had a clutch failure. I currently drive a 1999 Saab 9-3 convertible with 150,000 miles on it, with the original clutch still working fine.
Report abuse

Used 2015 MINI Cooper in Des Moines, IA Values

Estimated values
2015 MINI Cooper S 4dr Hatchback (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$6,497$9,251$11,085
Clean$6,226$8,832$10,543
Average$5,775$8,133$9,641
Rough$5,187$7,225$8,468

The average list price of a used 2015 MINI Cooper in Des Moines, Iowa is $11,891. The average mileage on a used MINI Cooper 2015 for sale in Des Moines, Iowa is 78,668. Based on the average mileage of 78,668 for used 2015 MINI Cooper for sale in Des Moines, IA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used MINI Cooper 2015 in Des Moines, Iowa to be $5,775.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.