Skip to FiltersReport abuse
170 listings
- $24,495good price$1,684 below market
- 33,046 miles
- No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
- 4cyl automated manual
- Tucson Subaru (266 mi away)
Close
Located in Tucson, AZ / 266 miles away from El Paso, TX
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
27 Combined MPG (23 City/34 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WAUYNGF53KN008127
Stock: C25114A
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 03-30-2025 - Price Drop$24,068good price$2,342 below market
- 40,260 miles
- No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
- 23 City / 34 Hwy MPG
- Driveway (In-stock online)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Fort Lauderdale, FL / 1,636 miles away from El Paso, TX
CarFax No Accidents Reported,Low Mileage,Rare Find,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,L...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
27 Combined MPG (23 City/34 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WAUENCF51KA017234
Stock: TDKA017234
Certified Pre-Owned: No - New Listing
- 38,667 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 23 City / 34 Hwy MPG
- Carvana (In-stock online)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Indianapolis, IN / 1,259 miles away from El Paso, TX
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
27 Combined MPG (23 City/34 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WAUBNCF53KA097266
Stock: 2003783117
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 05-30-2025 - Price Drop$27,777fair price$1,015 above market
- 39,967 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 23 City / 34 Hwy MPG
- Driveway (In-stock online)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Los Angeles, CA / 702 miles away from El Paso, TX
Low Mileage,Rare Find,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Start,Leather ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
27 Combined MPG (23 City/34 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WAUENCF57KA007498
Stock: F5A18865-1
Certified Pre-Owned: No - $9,900fair price$162 above market
- 100,329 miles
- 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
- 4cyl automatic
- Carz R Us (320 mi away)
Close
Located in Mesa, AZ / 320 miles away from El Paso, TX
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: No
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
24 Combined MPG (21 City/29 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WAULFAFHXBN016627
Stock: 016627
Certified Pre-Owned: No - New Listing$23,998fair price
- 69,670 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 23 City / 34 Hwy MPG
- Sewell Cadillac of San Antonio (494 mi away)
Close
Located in San Antonio, TX / 494 miles away from El Paso, TX
Sewell Cadillac of San Antonio proudly offers this 2019 Audi A5 Sportback All Wheel Drive that has been professionally inspected by one of our Sewell ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
27 Combined MPG (23 City/34 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WAUBNCF52KA082872
Stock: 5353798A
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 06-01-2025 - $24,691fair price
- 67,615 miles
- 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use
- 23 City / 34 Hwy MPG
- Nissan Of Boerne (482 mi away)
Close
Located in Boerne, TX / 482 miles away from El Paso, TX
Recent Arrival! Alloy wheels, Audi Advanced Key, Bang & Olufsen Sound System w/3D Sound, Heated Front Sport Seats, Leather Seating Surfaces, Power Li...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: No
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
27 Combined MPG (23 City/34 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WAUENCF53KA019003
Stock: T632250B
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 05-27-2025 - New Listing
- 16,405 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 23 City / 34 Hwy MPG
- Carvana (In-stock online)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Sacramento, CA / 960 miles away from El Paso, TX
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
27 Combined MPG (23 City/34 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WAUENCF50KA019301
Stock: 2003786275
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 06-02-2025 - New Listing
- 30,528 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 23 City / 34 Hwy MPG
- Carvana (In-stock online)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Cleveland, OH / 1,519 miles away from El Paso, TX
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
27 Combined MPG (23 City/34 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WAUENCF50KA020142
Stock: 2003748463
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 05-28-2025 - New Listing$22,990fair price$595 above market
- 67,375 miles
- No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
- 23 City / 34 Hwy MPG
- Carvana (In-stock online)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Philadelphia, PA / 1,832 miles away from El Paso, TX
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
27 Combined MPG (23 City/34 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WAUBNCF5XKA030695
Stock: 2003617982
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 03-30-2025 - 119,802 miles
- 1 accident, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
- 4cyl automatic
- Tejano Auto Sales (257 mi away)
Close
Located in Midland, TX / 257 miles away from El Paso, TX
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: No
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
24 Combined MPG (21 City/29 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WAULFAFR1BA039827
Stock: T23-0076
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 08-08-2023- 74,500 miles
- 1 accident, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
- 23 City / 34 Hwy MPG
- TruWest Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (400 mi away)
Close
Located in Cortez, CO / 400 miles away from El Paso, TX
*Equipment*This unit features a hands-free Bluetooth phone system. The Audi A5 Sportback comes equipped with Android Auto for seamless smartphone inte...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: No
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
27 Combined MPG (23 City/34 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WAUFNCF5XKA073094
Stock: U5288A
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 04-03-2025- Price Drop$34,990good price$2,522 below market
- 7,442 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 26 City / 34 Hwy MPG
- INFINITI of Scottsdale (341 mi away)
Close
Located in Scottsdale, AZ / 341 miles away from El Paso, TX
Nav, Navigation, GPS, Leather, Sunroof / Moonroof, Back Up Camera, Apple CarPlay / Android Auto, AWD, Heated Seats, 1 Owner, 2 Rear USB Charge Ports, ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WAUCBCF51NA006125
Stock: P17775B
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 05-26-2025 - New Listing$34,333good price$2,498 below market
- 28,126 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
- Audi North Scottsdale (342 mi away)
Close
Located in Phoenix, AZ / 342 miles away from El Paso, TX
A5 Sportback Premium Plus S Line quattro, Audi Certified pre-owned Certified, 4D Hatchback, 2 Rear USB Charge Ports, Adaptive Cruise Control w/Traffic...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
27 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WAUFACF53NA012153
Stock: DP8995
Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
Listed since: 06-02-2025 - $28,999good price$1,024 below market
- 52,120 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 26 City / 34 Hwy MPG
- Enterprise Car Sales Scottsdale (337 mi away)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Scottsdale, AZ / 337 miles away from El Paso, TX
Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WAUCBCF57NA028808
Stock: 7VBKRB
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 04-09-2025 - 83,348 miles
- No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
- 24 City / 32 Hwy MPG
- Scoggin-Dickey Subaru (289 mi away)
Close
Located in Lubbock, TX / 289 miles away from El Paso, TX
Clean CARFAX. Ibis White 2020 Audi A5 Sportback Premium quattro quattro 7-Speed Automatic S tronic 2.0L 4-Cylinder TFSI24/32 City/Highway MPG
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
27 Combined MPG (24 City/32 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WAUANCF59LA007650
Stock: LA007650A
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 04-20-2025- New Listing$36,990great price$2,220 below market
- 14,948 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 24 City / 32 Hwy MPG
- Carvana - Phoenix (347 mi away)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Phoenix, AZ / 347 miles away from El Paso, TX
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
27 Combined MPG (24 City/32 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WAUFACF50PA029866
Stock: 2003628359
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 04-24-2025 - $26,999great price$2,868 below market
- 32,536 miles
- No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
- 25 City / 34 Hwy MPG
- Driveway (In-stock online)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Fresno, CA / 833 miles away from El Paso, TX
CarFax No Accidents Reported,High Demand,Rare Find,Green Vehicle,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,H...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
28 Combined MPG (25 City/34 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WAUABCF54MA006741
Stock: MA006741PL
Certified Pre-Owned: No - New Listing$30,990good price$1,715 below market
- 20,841 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 25 City / 34 Hwy MPG
- Carvana (In-stock online)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Sacramento, CA / 960 miles away from El Paso, TX
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
28 Combined MPG (25 City/34 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WAUCBCF55MA014999
Stock: 2003680898
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 04-23-2025 - $39,998fair price$91 below market
- 10,080 miles
- No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
- 24 City / 32 Hwy MPG
- CarMax Colorado Springs (498 mi away)
Close
Located in Colorado Springs, CO / 498 miles away from El Paso, TX
CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: Yes
Features and Specs:
27 Combined MPG (24 City/32 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WAUFACF55PA063754
Stock: 27120036
Certified Pre-Owned: No - Price Drop$27,550good price$1,607 below market
- 40,705 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 25 City / 34 Hwy MPG
- Driveway (In-stock online)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Mission Viejo, CA / 661 miles away from El Paso, TX
CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,High Demand,Rare Find,Green Vehicle,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
28 Combined MPG (25 City/34 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WAUCBCF55MA058095
Stock: RRCY94141A
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Showing 64 - 84 out of 170 listings
Consumer Reviews for the Audi A5
Read recent reviews for the Audi A5
A5 Convertible is a delightful year-round driver!
Tim Moore, 01/18/2016
2013 Audi A5 2.0T Premium Plus quattro 2dr Convertible AWD (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 8A)
My 2013 Audi A5 has been a delight to own. The car is incredibly functional with all wheel drive, comfortable interior, great looks and good fuel economy. The convertible works effortlessly, and it is incredibly quiet with the top up, as well as warm during the winter. The attention to detail is exceptional with high quality materials and options that will impress most drivers. The … car is very competent on the road at high speeds, but does equally well as a relaxed touring car at slower speeds with the top down. I never thought I would ever enjoy owning a car like this, especially driving it year-round! I picked mine up used with very low miles, and for the price it was just too good to pass up. It still has the balance of the factory warranty, and the dealer has been great so far.
A few highlights: The Bang and Olufsen stereo will not disappoint, even with the top down. The MMI Nav system has an incredible amount of features, but it does take time to master, so keep your owner's manual close. The heated seats coupled with the neck warmers and wind deflector will keep you cozy with the top down even on very cold days. The Quattro system is incredibly competent on slippery roads. This is just such a complete package in a convertible that's designed to be used as a daily driver.
Audi's quality seems to have increased significantly in recent years, so hopefully the car will stand the test of time. So far I have had great luck with the dealer for servicing. Seems as though Audi is trying very hard to compete successfully against the other luxury brands.
Update on 7/19/16: Been putting a lot of miles on the A5, and now at 21,000. It continues to be a great car to own. I did need to replace the tires though because of an alignment issue which caused the Pirellis to make a lot of noise. Other than that, it has been pretty much a trouble free ride with up to 30 mpg on the highway. It's an easy car to live with on a daily basis.
Update on 1/20/17: Miles are now at 27,000 and the Audi continues to be trouble free. I put a set of Michelin Alpin Sports on for winter, and the car is wonderfully competent on slippery roads. A small disappointment is the sound quality of SiriusXM, especially when compared to HD FM stations and CDs. SiriusXM does not allow the sounds system to show off all it can truly do. Other than that, I do enjoy owning this vehicle a lot. I can't wait until it's warm enough again to put the top down!
Update on 1/23/18: Miles are now at 42,000. The last year has been relatively trouble-free with the A5. The only issue was a bad fuel injector that was replaced under warranty. Other than that, the car continues to be a delight to own and drive. The mileage continues to be very good, it's always enjoyable to drive, and it goes like a tank in the winter. If you're thinking about purchasing an A5 cabrio, I would highly recommend it. It's a very easy car to live with regardless of the season.
Update on 1/24/20: The A5 now has 68,000 miles on it. The extended warranty ran out, so now I'm on my own. Took it on a 3,000 mile round trip to Florida, and it performed flawlessly except for an oil level sensor issue. Seems this is a somewhat common issue and an easy fix, but it is alarming when the car tells you to add oil when it's not needed. I did need the steering half-shaft replaced a second time in two years, and the car has developed a few electrical quirks during the past couple of years including the automatic power window not working correctly on the passenger side sometimes and the inability to adjust the volume when using the satellite radio sometimes. I do still enjoy the car very much, but wonder what lies ahead because it has not been exactly a maintenance-free vehicle. Also, a trip to the Audi dealer almost always is not cheap and you may need to travel a distance to find one. It may partially explain why the resale value on these is not that great. My recommendation would be to find one with as few miles as possible that was not used in winter. They are delightful cars though!
Update on 7/25/20: The A5 just hit 75,000 miles and needs a $700 required maintenance that includes spark plugs. It seems as though this car could be designed to be more maintenance free than it is. Other than that, the car is still a joy to drive. A recent trip of 1,600 miles returned 32 mpg. Other than the quirk of the radio volume not working occasionally (usually fixes itself with a restart of the car), the A5 continues to be generally trouble-free. Used A5 Cabriolets can be found at reasonable prices, and I continue to recommend this car knowing that maintenance costs will be above average.
Update on 1/27/23: The A5 continues to be part of the family, and mileage is now at 95,000. There have been no major issues. The car needs to have front brakes done soon, but at roughly 50k on each set, that seems reasonable. The car is showing a little age though. The top shows some wear where it folds, and the brown dye on the seats is wearing a little in a few spots. The auto-adjusting headlights are not working properly, so the low beams are very low. Also a couple of the dash gauge background lights flicker occasionally. But overall the car continues to be a joy to own, especially when the weather is nice outside. We have other cars for daily drivers, so the Audi gets used less than in the past. That's ok as it is 10 years old at this point. I'm hoping we will hold on to it for the foreseeable future unless there is a major repair that needs to be considered.
8/7/24 - The Audi now has 102,000 miles on it. Although it is showing a little age, it continues to be enjoyable to drive, especially on nice days. It's getting ready for major service (plugs, transmission service, belts, etc), plus it needs new tires and front brakes, so we haven't been taking it on many long trips. Overall though, it has been a surprisingly trouble-free and low cost to own. I'm so glad we decided to purchase this car nearly 9 years ago.
Used 2019 Audi A5 in El Paso, TX Values
Estimated values
2019 Audi A5 2.0 TFSI Premium Plus quattro 2dr Convertible AWD (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 7AM) with no options
| Condition | Trade-In | Private Party | Dealer Retail |
|---|---|---|---|
| Outstanding | $24,486 | $28,206 | $31,520 |
| Clean | $23,869 | $27,481 | $30,693 |
| Average | $22,842 | $26,273 | $29,315 |
| Rough | $21,507 | $24,702 | $27,524 |
The average list price of a used 2019 Audi A5 in El Paso, Texas is $26,940. The average mileage on a used Audi A5 2019 for sale in El Paso, Texas is 47,062. Based on the average mileage of 47,062 for used 2019 Audi A5 for sale in El Paso, TX and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Audi A5 2019 in El Paso, Texas to be $22,842.
Filters
Skip to ResultsApplied Filters4Active
Make & Model
Year
New / Used
Price & Payments
Price Rating
Body Type
Trim
Mileage
Accidents & History
Engine & Drivetrain
Exterior Color
Interior Color
Total Seating
Edmunds Review
Features
Options & Packages
MPG
* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.