Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
82 listings
  • $4,995
    great price
    $2,856 below market
    • 96,899 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 31 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Buying Service (16 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Fairfax, VA / 16 miles away from Manassas, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    35 Combined MPG (31 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1CE2CP2EL410623
    Stock: ABS8474
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-30-2025

  • $5,995
    fair price
    $249 below market
    • 97,749 miles
    • 3 accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 31 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • Patriot Auto Group (18 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Stafford, VA / 18 miles away from Manassas, VA

    YES A MUST SEE **24 SERVICE RECORDS** 2014 NISSAN VERSA NOTE SV IN GREAT SHAPE INSIDE AND OUTSIDE LOADED WITH; **24 SERVICE RECORDS**, **BACKUP CAMERA...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    35 Combined MPG (31 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1CE2CP9EL402924
    Stock: P2924
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 39,084 miles
    • 31 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Winchester (46 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Winchester, VA / 46 miles away from Manassas, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    35 Combined MPG (31 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1CE2CP9EL383548
    Stock: 27697319
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Stock photo**
    $5,994
    great price
    $3,507 below market
    • 74,425 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 31 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • DealHunter Autos (18 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Stafford, VA / 18 miles away from Manassas, VA

    Versa Note SR, 4D Hatchback, 1.6L 4-Cylinder DOHC 16V, CVT with Xtronic, FWD, Metallic Peacock, Charcoal Artificial Leather. Metallic Peacock 2015 Nis...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    35 Combined MPG (31 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1CE2CP3FL437959
    Stock: DHA-437959
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $4,749
    good price
    $779 below market
    • 124,585 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 31 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • DealHunter Autos (18 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Stafford, VA / 18 miles away from Manassas, VA

    Versa Note SV, 4D Hatchback, 1.6L 4-Cylinder DOHC 16V, CVT with Xtronic, FWD, Red Brick Metallic, Wheat Cloth. Red Brick Metallic 2015 Nissan Versa No...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    35 Combined MPG (31 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1CE2CP4FL396340
    Stock: 396340HMD
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $6,500
    fair price
    $1,008 below market
    • 109,582 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 31 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • Passport MINI of Alexandria (20 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Alexandria, VA / 20 miles away from Manassas, VA

    Recent Arrival! 2015 Nissan Versa Note SV Brilliant Silver Metallic FWD 1.6L 4-Cylinder DOHC 16V Automatic31/40 City/Highway MPGCARFAX CERTIFIED!!# 1 ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    35 Combined MPG (31 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1CE2CP6FL418659
    Stock: 14209LA
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-01-2025

    • 131,371 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 31 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • Union Auto Sales (32 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Takoma Park, MD / 32 miles away from Manassas, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    35 Combined MPG (31 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1CE2CPXEL389634
    Stock: G18
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $7,999
    fair price
    $242 above market
    • 104,351 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 31 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • Exclusive Motor Cars (56 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Randallstown, MD / 56 miles away from Manassas, VA

    This 2015 Super Black Nissan Versa Note SL FWD is well equipped and includes these features and benefits:. FWD 31/40 City/Highway MPG 31/40 City/Hig...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    35 Combined MPG (31 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1CE2CP7FL397482
    Stock: 659
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-09-2025

  • New Listing
    • 44,511 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 31 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Dulles (18 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Sterling, VA / 18 miles away from Manassas, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    35 Combined MPG (31 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1CE2CP3FL449626
    Stock: 27696873
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 97,972 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 31 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • Laurel DriveTime (43 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Laurel, MD / 43 miles away from Manassas, VA

    Shop at DriveTime: Get started on your personalized car-buying journey today. With no credit impact, you can get approved for your real, personalized ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    35 Combined MPG (31 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1CE2CP6FL390166
    Stock: 1170012833
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-18-2025

  • New Listing
    • 47,694 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 31 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Dulles (18 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Sterling, VA / 18 miles away from Manassas, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    35 Combined MPG (31 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1CE2CP5FL423352
    Stock: 27843672
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $4,979
    fair price
    $606 below market
    • 134,426 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 31 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • Car City (28 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Fredericksburg, VA / 28 miles away from Manassas, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    35 Combined MPG (31 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1CE2CP6FL384500
    Stock: L3804
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $4,950
    good price
    $2,311 below market
    • 108,764 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 31 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • Prime Motors (21 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Arlington, VA / 21 miles away from Manassas, VA

    ?? ASK ABOUT OUR MD INSPECTION PROGRAM ??? Video walk-arounds & virtual test drives? Easy online credit application at PrimeMotorsVA.com? Financing wi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    35 Combined MPG (31 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1CE2CP6GL395935
    Stock: 395935
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $3,600
    great price
    $2,125 below market
    • 147,199 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 31 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • Carszone (33 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Fredericksburg, VA / 33 miles away from Manassas, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    35 Combined MPG (31 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1CE2CP1EL436453
    Stock: 62G3VEH
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-08-2025

  • Price Drop
    $6,999
    fair price
    $1,303 below market
    • 50,294 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 31 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • 19 Auto Group (2 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Manassas, VA / 2 miles away from Manassas, VA

    Get ready to zip around town in style with this sleek Black 2014 Nissan Versa Note! This compact car is perfect for city living, with its great gas mi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    35 Combined MPG (31 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1CE2CP1EL380191
    Stock: 0191T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $5,895
    fair price
    $20 above market
    • 134,064 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 31 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • US1 Automaxx (17 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Stafford, VA / 17 miles away from Manassas, VA

    This Nissan Versa Note is an excellent value for the money and is priced to move! The interior of this beautiful Nissan Versa Note is completely smoke...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    35 Combined MPG (31 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1CE2CP2EL354408
    Stock: 3N1CE2CP
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-07-2024

  • $4,788
    fair price
    $200 below market
    • 176,760 miles
    • 3 accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 31 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Discounters (86 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 86 miles away from Manassas, VA

    *** Nicely-Equipped, SV Note Edition *** Hates Gas! *** 40 MPG (Highway) *** New State Safety Inspection *** Like-New Radial Tires *** Strong Runner! ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    35 Combined MPG (31 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1CE2CP3EL430024
    Stock: 430024
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-26-2025

  • $7,800
    fair price
    $528 above market
    • 81,160 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 31 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • Sport and Imports (58 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Pasadena, MD / 58 miles away from Manassas, VA

    ***Ask about our used vehicle certification process! *** Please call our friendly sales professionals to schedule your appointment today! 410-...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    35 Combined MPG (31 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1CE2CP3EL422277
    Stock: 25374
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $6,481
    fair price
    $584 above market
    • 123,997 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 31 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • Sheehy GMC of Fredericksburg (34 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Fredericksburg, VA / 34 miles away from Manassas, VA

    2014 Nissan Versa Note SV FWD at Sheehy GMC Subaru of Fredericksburg! This Versa Note has an exterior color of Aspen White Pearl with Charcoal Cloth i...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    35 Combined MPG (31 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1CE2CP7EL411055
    Stock: T261554A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-24-2025

  • Stock photo**
    $4,540
    fair price
    $78 below market
    • 172,596 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 31 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • Pars International Auto Exchange (55 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Glen Burnie, MD / 55 miles away from Manassas, VA

    2014 Nissan Versa3N1CE2CP0EL415450172,596Automatic, CVT w/Xtronic4-Cyl, 1.6 LiterVisit Pars International Automotive Exchange to shop our great deal...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    35 Combined MPG (31 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1CE2CP0EL415450
    Stock: P-415450
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-11-2025

  • New Listing
    $10,998
    fair price
    $632 above market
    • 62,646 miles
    • 31 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to VA*
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Murrieta, CA / 2,226 miles away from Manassas, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    35 Combined MPG (31 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1CE2CP9EL432702
    Stock: 27767084
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 1 - 21 out of 82 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Nissan Versa Note

Read recent reviews for the Nissan Versa Note
Overall Consumer Rating
3.3 out of 5 stars48 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 48 reviews
  • 5 star
    (31%)
  • 4 star
    (21%)
  • 3 star
    (15%)
  • 2 star
    (17%)
  • 1 star
    (17%)
5 out of 5 stars

I love my Versa Note

Stacey, 08/05/2016
2014 Nissan Versa Note 1.6 S Plus 4dr Hatchback (1.6L 4cyl CVT)
I have owned my Note for a little over two years and have about 60,000 miles on it. I have a long work commute and was sick of giving half my money to the oil industry. I get about 37mpg. Compared to similar cars, the Note has a lot of space and cargo room. Five of us to Florida on a camping trip cargo room. Mine did come with an unlimited power train warranty from the dealership. I have … kept up with every single required maintenance. I love my car, but if you're looking for a sports tuner, this isn't it. This is a good run around with the kids car. It's like my mini SUV. BTW, my husband is 6'2" and has plenty of head and leg room, which was one of his big concerns when I decided to go to a small car. *Update* I have now owned the car for just shy of 4 years. It has around 100,000 miles on it. I am no longer the main driver. As the kids grew the car got small. My husband now uses it as a commuter. He drives about 110 miles per day round trip. As of now, we still get great mpg, and have had no major issues. I was informed by my mechanic on the last oil change that the timing cover seems to be leaking slightly, but he didn't feel it was of any major concern. We continue to follow the maintenance schedule to the T. I have down graded the "value" to a 3 star. Though we've had good luck with this car, this car does not hold it's value. We almost have it paid off, but are still WAY upside down on the book value. *Car now has over 140,000. Still on the maintenance schedule, and no issues. Still 110+ miles per day.
Report abuse

Used 2014 Nissan Versa Note in Manassas, VA Values

Estimated values
2014 Nissan Versa Note 1.6 SV 4dr Hatchback (1.6L 4cyl CVT) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$2,532$4,582$5,834
Clean$2,397$4,321$5,481
Average$2,172$3,886$4,892
Rough$1,879$3,320$4,127

The average list price of a used 2014 Nissan Versa Note in Manassas, Virginia is $7,431. The average mileage on a used Nissan Versa Note 2014 for sale in Manassas, Virginia is 102,863. Based on the average mileage of 102,863 for used 2014 Nissan Versa Note for sale in Manassas, VA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Nissan Versa Note 2014 in Manassas, Virginia to be $2,172.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.