Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
1,065 listings
  • New Listing
    $10,555
    good price
    $718 below market
    • 145,750 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Roac Auto Sales (53 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Hasbrouck Heights, NJ / 53 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8TB4H37FL011700
    Stock: 011700
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-23-2024

  • New Listing
    $12,500
    fair price
    $365 below market
    • 117,710 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Westbrook Honda (37 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Westbrook, CT / 37 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    Extra Clean, CARFAX 1-Owner. RDX trim. Heated Leather Seats, Moonroof, CD Player, Bluetooth , iPod/MP3 Input, Back-Up Camera, AWD, Aluminum Wheels, S...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8TB4H39FL018924
    Stock: 26040A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-11-2025

  • $5,264
    good price
    $567 below market
    • 168,414 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Boston Road Best Motors (41 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Bronx, NY / 41 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8TB18269A005070
    Stock: 005070
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-19-2025

  • New Listing
    $13,599
    fair price
    $452 below market
    • 112,030 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to CT*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Oxnard, CA / 2,530 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8TB3H59FL002752
    Stock: 27586304
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $12,995
    good price
    $1,114 below market
    • 100,120 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Vernon Auto Sales (50 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Manchester, CT / 50 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    MOST CARS BACKED BY UP TO 3 MONTH / 3,000 MILE POWERTRAIN WARRANTY* SPECIAL FINANCING IS AVAILABLE. FIRST OIL CHANGE IS FREE. PRICE DOES NOT INCLUDE...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8TB4H58FL011044
    Stock: 011044
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-10-2024

  • $14,990
    good price
    $753 below market
    • 115,056 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Bergen Car Company (53 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Lodi, NJ / 53 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8TB4H52HL021670
    Stock: GBH021670
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-27-2025

  • New Listing
    $13,273
    fair price
    $154 above market
    • 122,163 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Barberino Nissan (26 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Wallingford, CT / 26 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    Discover the Used 2015 Acura RDX Tech Pkg at Barberino Nissan, your trusted Wallingford Nissan Dealer, conveniently located near Bristol, Meriden, and...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8TB4H50FL018859
    Stock: T85930K4
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-07-2024

  • New Listing
    • 123,278 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from AZ to CT*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Tolleson, AZ / 2,195 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8TB3H30FL004887
    Stock: 27357109
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $12,998
    fair price
    $480 above market
    • 113,341 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to CT*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Palmdale, CA / 2,467 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8TB3H3XFL009272
    Stock: 27585913
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 94,409 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • City Motor Group (61 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Haskell, NJ / 61 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8TB4H53HL031494
    Stock: 031494
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-04-2025

    • 53,204 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 341 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8TB4H54FL021067
    Stock: 2003819709
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-13-2025

  • New Listing
    $9,995
    fair price
    $294 below market
    • 164,860 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Western Mass Cars (75 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Springfield, MA / 75 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    Visit Western Mass Cars online at westernmasscars.com to see more pictures of this vehicle or call us at 4**-2**-3*** today to schedule your test ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8TB4H53FL007533
    Stock: 7533
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-04-2025

  • New Listing
    • 156,250 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 1,487 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Leather Seats,Satellite Radio,Sunroof / Moonroof,4-Wheel Disc Brakes,6-Speed A/T,A/C,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8TB3H33FL013292
    Stock: FL013292A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Stock photo**
    $14,995
    fair price
    $213 above market
    • 87,051 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Elmwood D (67 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Agawam, MA / 67 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    **PLEASE CALL THE DEALERSHIP PRIOR TO COMING** ELMWOOD AUTO SALES 521 RIVER RD AGAWAM, MA 01001 CALL 4**-7**-0*** Read More

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8TB4H32FL011359
    Stock: 011359
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-04-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $11,735
    fair price
    $606 above market
    • 152,072 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Lester Glenn Honda (86 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Sea Girt, NJ / 86 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8TB3H53FL007235
    Stock: FL00723A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-12-2025

  • New Listing
    $18,737
    fair price
    $39 above market
    • 76,621 miles
    • 5 accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (67 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Union, NJ / 67 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8TB4H54HL004028
    Stock: HL004028K
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $11,013
    fair price
    $373 above market
    • 138,281 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, taxi vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Ideal Automotive Sales of Bayside (44 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Queens, NY / 44 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    Vehicle DetailsExperience the perfect blend of luxury, performance, and advanced technology with this stunning 2015 Acura RDX Tech Pkg! Design...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8TB4H59FL000649
    Stock: 57507
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-27-2025

  • New Listing
    $8,495
    fair price
    $82 above market
    • 115,128 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Morris Ave Auto Sales (66 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Elizabeth, NJ / 66 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    -----------Website: www.morrisaveautosales.com -----------Address: 591 Morris Ave, Elizabeth NJ 07208 -----------Phone number: 9** 3** 2*** ??Bad Cred...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8TB185X9A007351
    Stock: 007351
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-17-2024

    • 134,242 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • B & L Auto Sales (43 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Bronx, NY / 43 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    High-Tech Luxury! This Immaculate 2015 Acura MDX Tech AWD is Full Loaded anf Serviced! Fully Equipped with Sure-Handling AWD, Navigation, Back-Up Came...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8TB4H55FL010093
    Stock: 010093
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-16-2025

  • New Listing
    • 89,640 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from VA to CT*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Sterling, VA / 272 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8TB3H58FL000555
    Stock: 27696663
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 126,437 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Grapevine, TX / 1,430 miles away from Bridgeport, CT

    CarFax 1-Owner,Rare Find,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Leather Seats,Satellite Radio,Sunroof / Moonroof,4-Wheel Dis...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8TB4H36FL003149
    Stock: FL003149A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 148 - 168 out of 1,065 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Acura RDX

Read recent reviews for the Acura RDX
Overall Consumer Rating
4.4 out of 5 stars34 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 34 reviews
  • 5 star
    (59%)
  • 4 star
    (32%)
  • 3 star
    (3%)
  • 2 star
    (6%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
4.25 out of 5 stars

Nice certified off-lease ride

njrdx, 04/15/2015
2011 Acura RDX SH-AWD 4dr SUV AWD (2.3L 4cyl Turbo 5A)
Purchased my 2011 as an off-lease Acura certified SUV. Got it for just under $23k with 30k miles and warranty good until 65k miles. Bought it Fall of 2014 and used it thru a tough winter, the SH-AWD was great! Has 36k miles now so have had it enough time to get very familiar. Do a mix of local and highway driving and it handles both well. With the rear seats down, plenty of … room to haul things, the dog, etc. This is a good used car buy if all maintenance and servicing has been done. Turbo engines need on time oil changes. Buying as certified used from Acura is a good way to make sure this is the case.
Report abuse

Used 2015 Acura RDX in Bridgeport, CT Values

Estimated values
2015 Acura RDX 4dr SUV AWD (3.5L 6cyl 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$7,911$11,525$13,922
Clean$7,626$11,071$13,327
Average$7,150$10,314$12,336
Rough$6,532$9,329$11,048

The average list price of a used 2015 Acura RDX in Bridgeport, Connecticut is $13,119. The average mileage on a used Acura RDX 2015 for sale in Bridgeport, Connecticut is 119,336. Based on the average mileage of 119,336 for used 2015 Acura RDX for sale in Bridgeport, CT and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Acura RDX 2015 in Bridgeport, Connecticut to be $7,150.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.