Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
4,290 listings
  • $7,999
    good price
    $776 below market
    • 180,627 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Midwest Auto Store (425 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Florence, KY / 425 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5TDBK3EH7AS008047
    Stock: AS008047
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-08-2025

  • $12,445
    fair price
    $498 below market
    • 140,017 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Dahl Toyota (145 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Winona, MN / 145 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    2010 Blizzard Pearl Toyota Highlander Limited 3.5L V6 SMPI DOHC AWD This Toyota Highlander has many features and is well equipped including, Heated Se...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5TDDK3EH4AS028037
    Stock: 425T2292
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-26-2025

  • $10,795
    good price
    $1,489 below market
    • 127,014 miles
    • 2 accidents, 4 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Baha Auto (201 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Leather Seats
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Burbank, IL / 201 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEYK3EH9A2102556
    Stock: B31914B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 214,250 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Grapevine, TX / 688 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,3rd Row Seat,Back-Up Camera,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Leather Seats,Sunroof / Moonroof,V6 Cylinder Engine,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5TDKK3EH7AS011112
    Stock: AS011112A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $9,489
    good price
    $1,342 below market
    • 133,556 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Elite Car Outlet (191 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Elmhurst, IL / 191 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    3 rows awd Credit issues?? call us at 6** 7** 9*** we are in ELMHURST IL over 120 cars in stock see elitecaroutlet.comVisit EliteCarOutlet.com to see ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5TDBK3EH6AS027091
    Stock: 25379
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-09-2025

  • $6,499
    fair price
    $206 below market
    • 242,586 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • House of Cars (250 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Elk River, MN / 250 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    Vehicle Runs Well, Regularly maintained, Must test drive, Spotless interior, Family friendly, Drives great, Done all Scheduled Maintenance, Arctic col...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEES43A582095789
    Stock: 82095789A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $9,990
    fair price
    $170 below market
    • 137,752 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Import Motors (244 mi away)
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Saint Louis, MO / 244 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    2010 TOYOTA HIGHLANDER VIN: 5TDZK3EH0AS009801 5 T D Z K 3 E H 0 A S 0 0 9 8 0 1 4 DOOR SPORT UTILITY 3.5L V6 GASOLINE FRONT WHEEL DRIVE CLEAN TITLE! N...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5TDZK3EH0AS009801
    Stock: 009801
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-19-2025

  • $9,995
    fair price
    $252 below market
    • 142,428 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • House of Cars (250 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Elk River, MN / 250 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    Vehicle Runs Well, Regularly maintained, Must test drive, Spotless interior, Family friendly, Drives great, Done all Scheduled Maintenance, Arctic col...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEES43A682009468
    Stock: 82009468
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $11,000
    fair price
    $1,956 below market
    • 138,298 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Firelands Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (466 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Sandusky, OH / 466 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5TDDK3EH3AS025372
    Stock: SW570802B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-07-2025

  • $5,900
    good price
    $1,105 below market
    • 228,232 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Market (477 mi away)
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Nashville, TN / 477 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    THIS WHOLESALE MECHANICS SPECIAL DOES RUN AND DRIVE BUT HAS ENGINE NOISE AT START UP

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5TDZK3EH1AS010097
    Stock: 010097
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-16-2024

  • $10,875
    fair price
    $52 below market
    • 141,529 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Nash Automotive (465 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Galloway, OH / 465 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    AWD V-6 3RD ROW SEATING ALLOY WHEELS AND READY FOR WINTER

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5TDBK3EH5AS022321
    Stock: 022321
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-22-2025

  • Price Drop
    $8,863
    fair price
    $90 above market
    • 180,706 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Bose Motors (205 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Midlothian, IL / 205 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5TDBK3EH7AS005729
    Stock: 16376
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-24-2025

  • Price Drop
    $10,960
    fair price
    $767 below market
    • 163,367 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Koppy Motors (240 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Leather Seats
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Forest Lake, MN / 240 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    Koppy Motors of Forest Lake Koppy Motors 23784 Lake Blvd N Forest Lake, MN 55025 6**-4**-1*** Call to schedule your test drive today @ 6**-4**-1***! K...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5TDDK3EH8AS018241
    Stock: 14813
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-14-2025

  • $8,495
    fair price
    $359 below market
    • 173,179 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • North 61 Auto Sales (231 mi away)
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Hugo, MN / 231 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5TDZK3EH8AS016706
    Stock: 16706
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-29-2025

    • 102,153 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 802 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5TDZK3EH4AS005878
    Stock: 2003674535
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-25-2025

  • $9,995
    fair price
    $177 above market
    • 155,140 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 20 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Lindenwood Auto Center (243 mi away)
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Saint Louis, MO / 243 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    2 owners!! Excellent Carfax!! The front windshield is in excellent condition. The paint is in great shape and condition. No dings are visible on this ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEZA3EH0A2010985
    Stock: 010985
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-21-2025

  • Stock photo**
    $10,991
    fair price
    $146 above market
    • 99,871 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Motorcars Express (205 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    • Fold Flat Rear Seats
    Close

    Located in Alsip, IL / 205 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5TDZA3EH2AS006496
    Stock: MCE2036
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-16-2025

  • New Listing
    $14,999
    fair price
    $941 above market
    • 95,412 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Top Quality Motors (221 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Ashland, MO / 221 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    *When you buy with Top Quality Motors, you will leave here with a new Oil Change, Air Filter, Cabin Air Filter, Full CarFax report, and the MVI(Missou...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5TDBK3EH9CS119637
    Stock: 11552
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-16-2025

  • Stock photo**
    $6,995
    fair price
    $118 below market
    • 220,423 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Steves Auto Sales (463 mi away)
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Jackson, TN / 463 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5TDZK3EH1AS021908
    Stock: 14011
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-13-2025

  • $9,995
    fair price
    $168 above market
    • 154,032 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Metro Motor Sales (218 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    • Fold Flat Rear Seats
    Close

    Located in Minneapolis, MN / 218 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5TDZA3EH2AS005784
    Stock: A-3971
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 161,818 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Riley's Subaru (61 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Dubuque, IA / 61 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5TDBK3EH7AS018979
    Stock: 256879B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-03-2025

Showing 22 - 42 out of 4,290 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Toyota Highlander

Read recent reviews for the Toyota Highlander
Overall Consumer Rating
4.6 out of 5 stars83 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 83 reviews
  • 5 star
    (81%)
  • 4 star
    (8%)
  • 3 star
    (10%)
  • 2 star
    (1%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
5 out of 5 stars

13 Years Later, Still A Solid Vehicle

bulldogvillan, 09/28/2013
2010 Toyota Highlander 4dr SUV (3.5L 6cyl 5A)
I purchased my Highlander in November 2009. 130k miles later and she still drives like she did off of the lot. Plenty of cargo space to accommodate our family of 4. Enough acceleration to make merging onto any freeway a breeze. It's averaged around 20 mpg. The interior of the car has held up very well. Plenty of room and head clearance (I'm 6'3"). Quiet and soft ride. It handles much … like a Camry. We've had no problems, other than the tires wearing out at 30k miles. Put some Michelin tires on and they have had limited wear after 40k miles. Full brake job completed at 60k miles. Battery lasted 6 years. I do wish it had an outside temp reading on the dash. The 3rd row is very cramped, and hard to get to, but we don't really need it anyways. The car feels like it could go another 100k miles, no problem.
Report abuse

Used 2010 Toyota Highlander in Cedar Rapids, IA Values

Estimated values
2010 Toyota Highlander 4dr SUV AWD (3.5L 6cyl 5A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$4,671$5,940$6,693
Clean$4,401$5,563$6,233
Average$3,950$4,935$5,466
Rough$3,365$4,120$4,469

The average list price of a used 2010 Toyota Highlander in Cedar Rapids, Iowa is $10,079. The average mileage on a used Toyota Highlander 2010 for sale in Cedar Rapids, Iowa is 158,685. Based on the average mileage of 158,685 for used 2010 Toyota Highlander for sale in Cedar Rapids, IA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Toyota Highlander 2010 in Cedar Rapids, Iowa to be $3,950.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.