Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
178 listings
  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 242,901 miles
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Hoover Toyota (177 mi away)
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Fold Flat Rear Seats
    • 5000lb Towing Capaci...
    Close

    Located in Birmingham, AL / 177 miles away from Macon, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEZU11F170017559
    Stock: T70017559
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-17-2025

  • Price Drop
    $24,500
    great price
    $2,823 below market
    • 83,845 miles
    • 3 accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Classic Cars Of Palm Beach (466 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Jupiter, FL / 466 miles away from Macon, GA

    NO DEALER FEES!NO COMMISSIONED SALES PEOPLEREMOTE DELIVERY AVAILABLEPrices do not include tax, tag, title or registration fees. Additional fees includ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEZU4BF7CK012185
    Stock: LP8686
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-13-2025

  • $12,497
    good price
    $1,650 below market
    • 164,886 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Aguilar Auto Repair and Sales (267 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    • Fold Flat Rear Seats
    Close

    Located in Salisbury, NC / 267 miles away from Macon, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEZU11F18K006115
    Stock: 006115
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $12,999
    good price
    $1,400 below market
    • 170,289 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Oak Auto (309 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Kernersville, NC / 309 miles away from Macon, GA

    NO ACCIDENTSBACK UP CAMERA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (16 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEBU11F18K018184
    Stock: 33882
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-05-2025

  • $25,000
    good price
    $2,097 below market
    • 90,451 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • TennMotors (247 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Upgraded Stereo
    Close

    Located in Jonesborough, TN / 247 miles away from Macon, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEBU4BFXCK147274
    Stock: 12746
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-15-2025

  • New Listing
    $24,995
    good price
    $1,726 below market
    • 85,521 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Atlanta Auto Brokers (84 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Upgraded Stereo
    Close

    Located in Marietta, GA / 84 miles away from Macon, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEBU4BF7CK127189
    Stock: AB9666
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-03-2025

  • $11,000
    fair price
    $821 below market
    • 215,030 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Car Point (345 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 345 miles away from Macon, GA

    2008 Toyota FJ Cruiser - 215,030 MilesClean Title Runs Great Cold A/C Warranty Options AvailableThis 2008 Toyota FJ Cruiser is in excellent condition ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (16 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEBU11FX8K015137
    Stock: 015137
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-17-2025

  • New Listing
    $27,998
    good price
    $2,126 below market
    • 101,930 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Jacksonville (223 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Upgraded Stereo
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, FL / 223 miles away from Macon, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEBU4BF0EK189309
    Stock: 27030846
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $18,950
    fair price
    $1,098 below market
    • 118,038 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 15 City / 18 Hwy MPG, Manual
    • Elite Auto Raleigh (354 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Raleigh, NC / 354 miles away from Macon, GA

    2008 Toyota FJ Cruiser, 118 Thousand Miles, 4WD, Sport Utility 2D, V6, 4.0 Liter, All-Terrain Pkg., Aluminum/Alloy Wheels, Cruise Control, Towing/Cam...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEBU11FX8K021925
    Stock: 021925
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $16,500
    good price
    $1,448 below market
    • 121,723 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Click It Automotive Group FL (222 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, FL / 222 miles away from Macon, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (16 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEBU11F18K018198
    Stock: 018198
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $20,999
    good price
    $1,354 below market
    • 146,802 miles
    • No accidents, 5 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Tri-City Motors (292 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Somerset, KY / 292 miles away from Macon, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEBU4BF5CK122959
    Stock: 122959
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-21-2025

  • Price Drop
    $16,399
    fair price
    $639 below market
    • 135,660 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Drive Smart Auto Sales (449 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in West Chester, OH / 449 miles away from Macon, GA

    ***CARFAX AVAILABLE***NO HIDDEN FEES***ALL VEHICLES FULLY INSPECTED AND SERVICED***Call us today 5**-4**-1*** for any questions you might have and or ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (16 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEBU11F98K019387
    Stock: 019387
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-01-2025

  • $22,995
    fair price
    $1,113 below market
    • 108,049 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Tink's Auto Trading Post (458 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Millfield, OH / 458 miles away from Macon, GA

    PEEP THIS?? 2012 TOYOTA FJ CRUISER A MIDSIZE SUV KNOWN FOR ITS RUGGED OFF ROAD CAPABILITIES, RETRO STYLING, AND BOXY DESIGN, FEATURING A 4.0L V6 ENGIN...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEBU4BF9CK148741
    Stock: T01674
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-08-2025

  • New Listing
    $13,900
    fair price
    $979 below market
    • 151,000 miles
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Crescent Automotive (131 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    • Fold Flat Rear Seats
    Close

    Located in Aiken, SC / 131 miles away from Macon, GA

    2008 TOYOTA FJ CRUISER. 4.0L V6. REAR WHEEL DRIVE. 32 CAR FAX CERTIFIED SERVICE HISTORY RECORDS!! SUN FUSION YELLOW EXTERIOR. DARK CHARCOAL GREY CLOTH...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEZU11F98K001471
    Stock: 60416
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-16-2025

  • $27,787
    fair price
    $84 below market
    • 75,695 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Toyota of Gallatin (285 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Gallatin, TN / 285 miles away from Macon, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEBU4BF1CK145560
    Stock: 87PG25
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-30-2025

  • $8,990
    good price
    $779 below market
    • 251,000 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Car Connexion (212 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Knoxville, TN / 212 miles away from Macon, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (16 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEBU11FX8K038224
    Stock: 038224
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-04-2023

  • $14,995
    fair price
    $1,222 below market
    • 131,213 miles
    • 1 accident, 5 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Texas Motors Auto Sales (340 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    • Fold Flat Rear Seats
    Close

    Located in Orlando, FL / 340 miles away from Macon, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEZU11F88K004801
    Stock: 004801
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $17,800
    fair price
    $336 below market
    • 114,201 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Jake Motorsports (231 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Lincolnton, NC / 231 miles away from Macon, GA

    2008 TOYOTA FJ CRUISER 4.0L V6 AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION 4X4 KEYLESS ENTRY POWER WINDOWS POWER LOCKS CRUISE CONTROL GAUGE PACKAGE PIONEER DOUBLE DIN TOUC...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (16 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEBU11F78K025057
    Stock: 2641C
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-14-2025

  • $12,995
    fair price
    $365 below market
    • 180,012 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Skyline Motors (NC) (195 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Asheville, NC / 195 miles away from Macon, GA

    Visit Skyline Motors online at skylinemotorsllc.com to see more pictures of this vehicle or call us at 8**-6**-6*** today to schedule your test drive.

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (16 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEBU11F88K018277
    Stock: TrailChamp
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-23-2025

  • New Listing
    $27,990
    fair price
    $1,526 above market
    • 98,739 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Rusty Wallace GMC (233 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Upgraded Stereo
    Close

    Located in Morristown, TN / 233 miles away from Macon, GA

    Looking for a used car at an affordable price? Sensibility and practicality define the 2012 Toyota FJ Cruiser! It just arrived on our lot this past we...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEBU4BF1CK132565
    Stock: 12910A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-12-2025

    • 115,572 miles
    • Frame damage reported, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Paradise Motor Sports (359 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Lexington, KY / 359 miles away from Macon, GA

    2008 Toyota FJ Cruiser – Rugged, Reliable, Adventure-Ready All of our vehicles come with a free Auto check history report by Experian. A variety of ex...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: Yes

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (16 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEBU11F980107075
    Stock: 107075
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-14-2025

Showing 43 - 63 out of 178 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Toyota FJ Cruiser

Read recent reviews for the Toyota FJ Cruiser
Overall Consumer Rating
4.8 out of 5 stars34 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 34 reviews
  • 5 star
    (94%)
  • 4 star
    (3%)
  • 3 star
    (3%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
5 out of 5 stars

260k, runs like new

mikkeb, 10/02/2013
2010 Toyota FJ Cruiser 4dr SUV 4WD (4.0L 6cyl 5A)
This is my first Toyota, and I bought it new, a 2010 Trail Teams Edition. After 50K miles, I have not had to repair anything. In fact, there isn't even a rattle or squeak. I have taken it off road and it has performed well. There are negatives about the vehicle, but you should know them before you buy. The vehicle has blind spots, not because there aren't enough windows to see the … vehicles, it is because the vehicle is so tall, that most passenger cars are below the view of the window. Remember, this vehicle was designed for off-road, and ground clearance is important. A couple cheap convex mirrors cures this problem. The gas mileage is average for an SUV, but this is obvious too. UPDATE at 105k miles. No problems or complaints to discuss. No mechanical problems of any kind. I just replaced the rear brakes. UPDATE at 126K miles. No problems or complaints to discuss. No mechanical problems of any kind. I change the oil every 5K miles and it discolors very little and no loss is noticed. Update 178k - No mechanical problems and I towed a camper 18000 miles to Alaska and across the country. I still have a small timing cover leak, but it isn’t getting worse or affecting the oil level. I have so much confidence with this vehicle, that I would take it anywhere. Update 260k, still runs great.
Report abuse

Used 2007 Toyota FJ Cruiser in Macon, GA Values

Estimated values
2007 Toyota FJ Cruiser 4dr SUV (4.0L 6cyl 5A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$8,072$11,909$14,187
Clean$7,556$11,064$13,086
Average$6,696$9,657$11,252
Rough$5,577$7,827$8,866

The average list price of a used 2007 Toyota FJ Cruiser in Macon, Georgia is $18,684. The average mileage on a used Toyota FJ Cruiser 2007 for sale in Macon, Georgia is 138,217. Based on the average mileage of 138,217 for used 2007 Toyota FJ Cruiser for sale in Macon, GA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Toyota FJ Cruiser 2007 in Macon, Georgia to be $6,696.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.