Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
1,081 listings

Save with Audi Q5 rebates
Check your savings potential before you buy

    • 47,855 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Autos of Dallas - Plano (198 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Plano, TX / 198 miles away from Austin, TX

    Premium Plus Pkg, Back-Up Camera, Panoramic Roof, Heated Seats, Keyless Go, Blind Spot Monitor, 19IN Wheels, LED Headlights, Heated Steering Wheel, Se...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1BBAFY9N2077591
    Stock: 077591
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-13-2025

    • 47,060 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • EchoPark Automotive Houston (North Freeway) (142 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 142 miles away from Austin, TX

    At EchoPark, it’s all about offering you options for a happy experience. We have thousands of new-to-you makes and models that range from sedans to tr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1EAAFY8R2028517
    Stock: RR2028517
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-18-2025

  • New Listing
    • 38,998 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Audi Central Houston (144 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 144 miles away from Austin, TX

    Discover the perfect balance of luxury, performance, and everyday practicality in the 2021 Audi Q5 Premium, a compact luxury SUV that continues to set...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1AAAFY7M2087629
    Stock: TM2087629
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-01-2025

    • 23,140 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 19 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Certified Autoplex (193 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Farmers Branch, TX / 193 miles away from Austin, TX

    CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX.2021 Audi Q5 e 4D Sport Utility 55 Premium Plus quattro quattro 7-Speed Automatic S tronic 2.0L TurbochargedPREMIU...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (25 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1E2AFY7M2071235
    Stock: M2071235T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-08-2025

    • 25,730 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Mac Haik Ford Houston (135 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 135 miles away from Austin, TX

    Thanks for Looking. Daytona Gray Pearl 2022 Audi Q5 45 S line Premium quattro quattro 7-Speed Automatic S tronic 2.0L Turbocharged Black Leather, Adap...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1EAAFY6N2138721
    Stock: 251720A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-22-2025

  • New Listing
    $25,477
    fair price
    $604 below market
    • 33,061 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Minneapolis, MN / 1,042 miles away from Austin, TX

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Low Mileage,Rare Find,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Leather Seats,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1CNAFY9J2122874
    Stock: J2122874A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 41,056 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Carz City (194 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Addison, TX / 194 miles away from Austin, TX

    The 2018 Audi Q5 Premium Plus Sport Utility 4D is a luxury compact SUV that combines performance, comfort, and advanced technology. It features a 2.0-...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1BNAFY5J2010441
    Stock: CCN0789
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-15-2025

    • 43,655 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Autos of Dallas - Irving (184 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Irving, TX / 184 miles away from Austin, TX

    Daytona Gray Pearl 2022 Audi Q5 45 S line Premium CAM,PANO,HTD STS,BLIND SPOT,18" quattro quattro 7-Speed Automatic S tronic 2.0L Turbocharged Q5 45 S...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1GAAFY6N2108160
    Stock: 108160
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-25-2025

    • 53,000 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Autos of Dallas - Irving (184 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Irving, TX / 184 miles away from Austin, TX

    Glacier White 2021 Audi Q5 45 Premium Plus quattro quattro 7-Speed Automatic S tronic 2.0L Turbocharged Black Leather.Odometer is 766 miles below ma...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1BAAFY3M2028792
    Stock: 028792
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-28-2025

  • New Listing
    • 41,706 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Group 1 Hyundai North Austin (7 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Austin, TX / 7 miles away from Austin, TX

    GREAT MILES 41,706! EPA 28 MPG Hwy/23 MPG City! Heated Leather Seats, Rear Air, Power Liftgate, All Wheel Drive, CONVENIENCE PACKAGE, Aluminum Wheels,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1AAAFY3M2061710
    Stock: M2061710
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-26-2025

  • New Listing
    • 16,615 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Dallas (184 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 184 miles away from Austin, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1EABFY8R2019872
    Stock: 2004060992
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-18-2025

    • 45,242 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Autos of Dallas - Plano (198 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Plano, TX / 198 miles away from Austin, TX

    Premium Pkg, Back-Up Camera, Panoramic Roof, Heated Seats, Keyless Go, Blind Spot Monitor, 19IN Wheels, LED Headlights, Heated Steering Wheel, Seat Me...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1GAAFY1N2062219
    Stock: 062219
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-22-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 54,470 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 869 miles away from Austin, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1BNAFY2J2199016
    Stock: 2004039979
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-04-2025

  • New Listing
    • 50,956 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 1,460 miles away from Austin, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1BNAFY7J2240076
    Stock: 2003990308
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-16-2025

    • 70,186 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Otto Source (189 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 189 miles away from Austin, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1BAAFYXM2020415
    Stock: OSC7512
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-16-2025

    • 93,926 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Audi Sugar Land (136 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Sugar Land, TX / 136 miles away from Austin, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1BNAFY5J2139828
    Stock: 452314082
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-26-2025

    • 39,054 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • BMW of Houston North (140 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 140 miles away from Austin, TX

    Wheels: 20" 5-Arm DesignPanoramic RoofGlacier White MetallicLeather SeatsAudi Beam-RingsPrivacy Trunk CoverAudi Guard All-Weather Floor Mats (Se...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1EAAFY7N2131406
    Stock: N2131406
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-21-2025

    • 42,668 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Autos of Dallas - Plano (198 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Plano, TX / 198 miles away from Austin, TX

    Premium Pkg, Back-Up Camera, Panoramic Roof, Heated Seats, Keyless Go, Blind Spot Monitor, 20IN Wheels, LED Headlights, Heated Steering Wheel, Seat Me...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1EAAFY4N2104244
    Stock: 104244
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-25-2025

  • $16,998
    fair price
    $593 below market
    • 70,979 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Murrieta, CA / 1,161 miles away from Austin, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1ANAFYXJ2187448
    Stock: 27571532
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 70,487 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Fard Auto Group (142 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 142 miles away from Austin, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1BNAFY2J2221175
    Stock: 221175
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-23-2025

  • Price Drop
    $21,590
    fair price
    $169 above market
    • 51,868 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 1,460 miles away from Austin, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1BNAFY5J2191606
    Stock: 2003909974
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-22-2025

Showing 358 - 378 out of 1,081 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Audi Q5

Read recent reviews for the Audi Q5
Overall Consumer Rating
4.5 out of 5 stars65 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 65 reviews
  • 5 star
    (75%)
  • 4 star
    (15%)
  • 3 star
    (3%)
  • 2 star
    (3%)
  • 1 star
    (3%)
3 out of 5 stars

Buyer Beware

stma1, 02/02/2010
2010 Audi Q5 3.2 Premium quattro 4dr SUV AWD (3.2L 6cyl 6A)
Audi Q5 is a great vehicle as long as you do not drive under 10 mph, I have a major transmission issue, 3rd replacement in 2 months, Audi corporate will not stand behind their products and work with you to satisfy yourself as a consumer, my vehicle has lurched and hesitated when coming to a stop causing 2 near accidents, I have never experienced such poor customer service form a … corporate and a dealer standpoint, they act like it is my fault there is an issue, you have been warned!
Report abuse

Used 2022 Audi Q5 in Austin, TX Values

Estimated values
2022 Audi Q5 Premium Plus 4dr SUV AWD w/40 TFSI (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 7AM) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$24,824$26,747$28,755
Clean$24,493$26,377$28,341
Average$23,942$25,759$27,652
Rough$23,225$24,957$26,757

The average list price of a used 2022 Audi Q5 in Austin, Texas is $25,185. The average mileage on a used Audi Q5 2022 for sale in Austin, Texas is 47,701. Based on the average mileage of 47,701 for used 2022 Audi Q5 for sale in Austin, TX and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Audi Q5 2022 in Austin, Texas to be $23,942.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

EV Details

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.