Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
45 listings
  • New Listing
    • 42,627 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 41 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Tucson Subaru (95 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Tucson, AZ / 95 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    39 Combined MPG (41 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHX9JBH6M2041500
    Stock: S25130A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-09-2025

  • New Listing
    $28,998
    fair price
    $538 below market
    • 35,734 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 41 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NJ to AZ*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Wayne, NJ / 2,120 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    39 Combined MPG (41 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHP9JBH0M2042044
    Stock: 27141101
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $29,998
    fair price
    $412 above market
    • 35,709 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 41 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MD to AZ*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Salisbury, MD / 2,049 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    39 Combined MPG (41 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHP9JBH3M2047917
    Stock: 27133152
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $33,998
    fair price
    $913 above market
    • 29,841 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 41 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from AL to AZ*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Hoover, AL / 1,444 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    39 Combined MPG (41 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHR9JBH2N2060443
    Stock: 27158829
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 4,820 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 41 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 1,785 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    39 Combined MPG (41 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHX9JBH5N2059861
    Stock: 2003807075
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-12-2025

  • Price Drop
    $33,590
    fair price
    $763 above market
    • 31,448 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 41 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 1,571 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    39 Combined MPG (41 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHR9JBH4N2060914
    Stock: 2003779287
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-07-2025

  • $30,998
    fair price
    $348 above market
    • 35,093 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 41 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to AZ*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Ontario, CA / 327 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    39 Combined MPG (41 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHX9JBH4N2059754
    Stock: 27281143
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 38,277 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 41 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MA to AZ*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Danvers, MA / 2,293 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    39 Combined MPG (41 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHP9JBH4N2058927
    Stock: 27244494
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 39,644 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 41 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 635 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    39 Combined MPG (41 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHR9JBH2N2062449
    Stock: 2003729797
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-21-2025

  • New Listing
    • 3,753 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 41 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 1,413 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    39 Combined MPG (41 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHX9JBH7N2062650
    Stock: 2003756704
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-23-2025

  • New Listing
    • 46,629 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 41 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from VA to AZ*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Midlothian, VA / 1,940 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    39 Combined MPG (41 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHP9JBH2N2060143
    Stock: 27151122
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 70,585 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 41 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 838 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    39 Combined MPG (41 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHP9JBH6N2054636
    Stock: 2003791766
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-07-2025

  • Price Drop
    $35,998
    fair price
    $338 below market
    • 8,240 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 43 City / 41 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from FL to AZ*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, FL / 1,791 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    42 Combined MPG (43 City/41 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHB6JBH8P2142979
    Stock: 27009035
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $34,998
    fair price
    $25 below market
    • 13,771 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 43 City / 41 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from FL to AZ*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Davie, FL / 1,958 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    42 Combined MPG (43 City/41 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHP6JBH8P2150294
    Stock: 27520794
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $29,998
    good price
    $865 below market
    • 43,744 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 43 City / 41 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from AL to AZ*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Hoover, AL / 1,444 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    42 Combined MPG (43 City/41 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHX6JBH4P2147988
    Stock: 27369963
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $33,998
    fair price
    $160 above market
    • 13,540 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 43 City / 41 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from AL to AZ*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Mobile, AL / 1,404 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    42 Combined MPG (43 City/41 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHP6JBH2P2136617
    Stock: 27158275
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 22,927 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 41 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Earnhardt Lexus (10 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 10 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    Certified. Caviar 2023 Lexus UX 250h Base AWD CVT 2.0L 16V DOHC 2.0L 16V DOHC.Recent Arrival! 41/38 City/Highway MPGL/Certified Details: * Roadside As...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    39 Combined MPG (41 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHX9JBH4P2066366
    Stock: P5317A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-24-2025

  • New Listing
    • 4,815 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 41 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 877 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    39 Combined MPG (41 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHB9JBH3P2069298
    Stock: 2003718518
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-16-2025

  • New Listing
    • 6,300 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 41 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NC to AZ*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Raleigh, NC / 1,885 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    39 Combined MPG (41 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHP9JBH2P2066463
    Stock: 27447283
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 13,442 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 43 City / 41 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 994 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    42 Combined MPG (43 City/41 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHP6JBH9P2154242
    Stock: 2003809899
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-12-2025

  • New Listing
    • 15,732 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 43 City / 41 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from GA to AZ*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Roswell, GA / 1,582 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    42 Combined MPG (43 City/41 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHP6JBH7P2145605
    Stock: 27323694
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 22 - 42 out of 45 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Lexus UX 250h

Read recent reviews for the Lexus UX 250h
Overall Consumer Rating
4.5 out of 5 stars23 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 23 reviews
  • 5 star
    (57%)
  • 4 star
    (35%)
  • 3 star
    (9%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
4 out of 5 stars

Want a Car or SUV? Lexus UX lets you have both.

Chris, 05/17/2019
2019 Lexus UX 250h Luxury 4dr SUV AWD (2.0L 4cyl gas/electric hybrid CVT)
I first drive the regular UX as a loaner vehicle when I was getting service. I did not like the drive at all. Felt like a lower end vehicle's powertrain. Nothing about it said luxury. When I heard they had the hybrid model coming with AWD, I had to give it a test. I've always owned sedans or sports coupes. Didn't consider SUV's because I love the driving dynamics of well built cars and … worried I'd lose that with an SUV. This UX hybrid crossover fits the bill nice. Great handling, quiet, and comfortable. Very smart of Lexus to make the hybrid model AWD standard with that electric motor boost. You REALLY feel the difference. That low end torque makes the car a fun drive. I had an IS 200t before. Though it was a "faster" car the turbo lag was always a pain. With the UX hybrid, you lose speed but have the instant power. The fuel economy is the cherry on top!! It comes loaded with tons of safety tech adding to the comfort of the car. The backseats are pretty tight and the cargo isn't huge (although way better than the IS). The front columns are pretty big so you do get some wind noise there going above 65 mph. Overall its fun, practical, beautiful, comfortable. Nice job on this one Lexus.
Report abuse
Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters5Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details

* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.