Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
7,331 listings
  • $16,513
    fair price
    $31 below market
    • 125,192 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Runde Chevrolet Buick GMC (371 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Platteville, WI / 371 miles away from Topeka, KS

    Vehicle DetailsExperience the perfect blend of style, capability, and technology with this 2019 Jeep Grand Cherokee Limited. Equipped with a robust V6...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJFBG3KC697375
    Stock: KC697375
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-23-2025

  • Price Drop
    $25,391
    fair price
    $322 above market
    • 70,708 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Bloomington Chrysler Jeep Dodge (418 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Bloomington, MN / 418 miles away from Topeka, KS

    4WD, One Owner, Clean Carfax, 4X4, AWD, Apple CarPlay / Google Android Auto, Remote Start, Rear Camera, Bluetooth, Leather Interior, Heated Seats, 20 ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJFBG6MC600642
    Stock: 11J1649T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-30-2025

  • Photos not available
    $33,991
    fair price
    $384 below market
    • 45,842 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • Ed Morse Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram Saint Robert (210 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Saint Robert, MO / 210 miles away from Topeka, KS

    1-Year SiriusXM Guardian Trial, 4G LTE Wi-Fi Hot Spot, 8.4" Touchscreen Display, Apple CarPlay, Apple CarPlay/Android Auto, Auto High-beam Headlights,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJFJTXMC506956
    Stock: MC506956
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 09-12-2025

  • $24,990
    fair price
    $36 above market
    • 71,785 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Buffalo, NY / 915 miles away from Topeka, KS

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJFCG6KC624001
    Stock: 2004087390
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-22-2025

    • 37,906 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 722 miles away from Topeka, KS

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJFBG2KC619587
    Stock: 2003961234
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-13-2025

  • Price Drop
    $19,673
    fair price
    $126 above market
    • 88,045 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Ewald Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (467 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Oconomowoc, WI / 467 miles away from Topeka, KS

    **EWALD CERTIFIED**, *BUDGET FRIENDLY VEHICLE*, *LOW LOW MILES*, *LOCAL TRADE*, *ACCIDENT FREE CARFAX*, *NAVIGATION*, *REMOTE START*, *HEATED STEERING...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJFBG0KC638378
    Stock: C25J31A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-20-2025

    • 22,886 miles
    • Insurance loss reported, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Sam's Riverside (206 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Des Moines, IA / 206 miles away from Topeka, KS

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: Yes

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJFBG4KC619834
    Stock: K19834
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-29-2025

  • New Listing
    $21,740
    fair price
    $135 above market
    • 66,840 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Mile High Car Company (486 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Colorado Springs, CO / 486 miles away from Topeka, KS

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJFBG6KC831795
    Stock: P831795
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-27-2025

  • New Listing
    $19,990
    fair price
    $284 above market
    • 91,784 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Rudig Jensen Chrysler Jeep Dodge Ram (438 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in New Lisbon, WI / 438 miles away from Topeka, KS

    2019 Jeep Grand Cherokee Limited 4WD Is now available at Rudig Jensen! Stop by today or call us at 6**-5**-3*** for more information! 4WD. Odometer...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJFBG5KC714614
    Stock: F9269A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-26-2025

    • 50,050 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Briggs Supercenter Manhattan (53 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Manhattan, KS / 53 miles away from Topeka, KS

    This 2021 Jeep Grand Cherokee Laredo E, comes in Diamond Black Crystal Pearlcoat exterior with Black interior. 50,050 miles. Stock Number JMT41123 Im...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJFAG6MC536104
    Stock: JMT41123
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-20-2025

  • $21,350
    fair price
    $440 above market
    • 90,192 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Mine Auto Sales (500 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Denver, CO / 500 miles away from Topeka, KS

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJFLG9KC636689
    Stock: 636689
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-08-2025

  • $27,999
    fair price
    $6 above market
    • 29,433 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Joe Machens Nissan (179 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Columbia, MO / 179 miles away from Topeka, KS

    Diamond Black Crystal Pearlcoat 2021 Jeep Grand Cherokee Limited 4WD 8-Speed Automatic 3.6L V6 24V VVT2021 Jeep Grand Cherokee Limited 4WD. Recent Arr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJFBG4MC506579
    Stock: MC506579
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-25-2025

  • $25,989
    fair price
    $703 above market
    • 70,508 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Hudson Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (434 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Hudson, WI / 434 miles away from Topeka, KS

    LOW MILES - 70,503! Heated Seats, Moonroof, Nav System, Blind Spot Monitor, Aluminum Wheels, Hitch, Four Wheel Drive, 19 SPEAKERS HIGH PERFORMANCE AUD...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJFCG7KC538518
    Stock: 16852A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-17-2025

  • New Listing
    $26,499
    fair price
    $210 below market
    • 37,350 miles
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Lexus of Maplewood (433 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Maplewood, MN / 433 miles away from Topeka, KS

    Recent Arrival! Diamond Black Crystal Pearlcoat 2021 Jeep Grand Cherokee 4D Sport Utility Laredo X 3.6L V6 24V VVT 4WD Clean CARFAX.4WD.This Grand Che...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJFAG8MC585109
    Stock: L311221B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-29-2025

  • $22,599
    fair price
    $497 above market
    • 63,013 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Ryan Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (432 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Buffalo, MN / 432 miles away from Topeka, KS

    TRADE IN, FOUR-WHEEL DRIVE, **COMFORT & CONVENIENCE FEATURES INCLUDE**, NAVIGATION SYSTEM, 8.4 TOUCHSCREEN DISPLAY, 4G LTE WI-FI CONNECTIVITY, APPLE C...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJFAG5KC662080
    Stock: N0198A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-21-2025

  • $53,748
    fair price
    $1,486 above market
    • 52,920 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Raymond Chevrolet (461 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Antioch, IL / 461 miles away from Topeka, KS

    Clean CARFAX. Granite Crystal Metallic Clearcoat 2021 Jeep Grand Cherokee SRT 4WD 8-Speed Automatic SRT HEMI 6.4L V8 MDS 4WD, 19 Speakers High Perform...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJFDJ9MC576684
    Stock: 46831A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-10-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $19,998
    good price
    $1,106 below market
    • 65,212 miles
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Southwest Car Sales OKC (271 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Oklahoma City, OK / 271 miles away from Topeka, KS

    2019 JEEP GRAND CHEROKEE! SE HABLA ESPANOL 5 Key Features You'll Love: 3.6L V6 SO YOU CAN TOW! Spacious 4-door SUV with versatile cargo space Power su...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJEAG1KC857796
    Stock: P6783
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-05-2025

  • Price Drop
    $23,499
    fair price
    $451 below market
    • 80,520 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • AutoNation Ford Arapahoe (493 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Centennial, CO / 493 miles away from Topeka, KS

    The following items have been reconditioned on this vehicle: new brakes! Sun & Sound GroupAltitude Appearance PackagePower SunroofProtech IiSun...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJFAG1MC613400
    Stock: MC613400
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-16-2025

    • 62,582 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Holiday Chevrolet (379 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Whitesboro, TX / 379 miles away from Topeka, KS

    4WD, Bluetooth, Hands-Free connection, Leather Seats, Backup Camera, Keyless Entry, Apple CarPlay, Google Android Auto, Uconnect® 4C NAV with 8.4–Inch...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJFAG4MC856344
    Stock: CU856344
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-16-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $20,400
    fair price
    $476 above market
    • 91,502 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Jack Miller Auto Plaza, LLC (58 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in North Kansas City, MO / 58 miles away from Topeka, KS

    Delivers 25 Highway MPG and 18 City MPG! This Jeep Grand Cherokee boasts a Regular Unleaded V-6 3.6 L/220 engine powering this Automatic transmission....

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJFBG3KC610168
    Stock: 8781
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-25-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $23,990
    good price
    $1,384 below market
    • 69,554 miles
    • 5 Seats
    • Elgin Toyota (441 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Streamwood, IL / 441 miles away from Topeka, KS

    2019 Jeep Grand Cherokee Overland 4WD Powerful 5.7L V8 HEMI | Luxury Meets Capability | Only 69,547 Miles!Looking for a premium SUV that blends rugged...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJFCT7KC796521
    Stock: F13878A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-21-2025

Showing 925 - 945 out of 7,331 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Jeep Grand Cherokee

Read recent reviews for the Jeep Grand Cherokee
Overall Consumer Rating
4.2 out of 5 stars66 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 66 reviews
  • 5 star
    (64%)
  • 4 star
    (14%)
  • 3 star
    (5%)
  • 2 star
    (14%)
  • 1 star
    (5%)
5 out of 5 stars

So Far so good

Christopher, 10/13/2018
2019 Jeep Grand Cherokee Limited 4dr SUV (3.6L 6cyl 8A)
I had my Jeep for 2 weeks now, traded in a 2011 Honda Odyssey for it. Took it on a 400 mile round trip to PA, it rode smooth & had great acceleration. I have a limited with Luxury pkg & safety group. Love the dual sunroof, & vented seats. On edmunds apps though the pictures of the interior is the 2018. The 2019 8.4 uconnect screen is actually different then the 2018, it’s more flat on … the dash, where the 2018 is more recessed. That’s really the only difference though. Overall so far very satisfied with my Jeep.
Report abuse

FAQ

What is a good price for a used 2019 Jeep Grand Cherokee?

According to Edmunds.com's True Market Value calculations, the retail price of a used 2019 Jeep Grand Cherokee's most popular trim, the Limited, in great condition with 48,000 miles on its odometer, is $32,173. Prices vary by trim, region and options included.

What engine options are available with the 2019 Jeep Grand Cherokee?

The 2019 Jeep Grand Cherokee is available with three engine options: a 3.6-liter V6 (295 horsepower, 260 lb-ft of torque), an optional 3.0-liter turbodiesel V6 (240 hp, 420 lb-ft of torque), and a 5.7-liter V8 (360 hp, 390 lb-ft).
Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.