Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
2,615 listings
  • Price Drop
    $29,998
    great price
    $3,740 below market
    • 77,651 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • BMW of Nashville (194 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Brentwood, TN / 194 miles away from Northport, AL

    This 2022 Jeep Grand Cherokee Overland (***ONE OWNER***) comes complete with features such as LUXURY TECH GROUP, 4WD, Navigation System, 10.1" Touchsc...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJHDG1N8566641
    Stock: TN8566641
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-31-2025

  • $32,998
    great price
    $2,832 below market
    • 27,847 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Memphis (185 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Memphis, TN / 185 miles away from Northport, AL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJHBG3PC528105
    Stock: 27103533
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $81,964
    good price
    $6,640 below market
    • 21,050 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 11 City / 17 Hwy MPG
    • Ed Voyles Kia (185 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Smyrna, GA / 185 miles away from Northport, AL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    13 Combined MPG (11 City/17 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJFN9XJC198780
    Stock: 2P2038A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-31-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 41,235 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Atlanta (185 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 185 miles away from Northport, AL

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJFBG4MC711416
    Stock: 2003719920
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-10-2025

  • Price Drop
    $32,791
    great price
    $2,310 below market
    • 16,771 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Ocean Mazda Roswell (196 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Roswell, GA / 196 miles away from Northport, AL

    CARFAX One-Owner. Diamond Black Crystal Pearlcoat 2023 Jeep Grand Cherokee Altitude 3.6L V6 24V VVT 8-Speed Automatic 4WD Quick Order Package 23B Alti...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJHAG1P8851749
    Stock: 11704P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-16-2025

  • $39,998
    great price
    $3,112 below market
    • 37,801 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Memphis (185 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Memphis, TN / 185 miles away from Northport, AL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJHEG6N8569663
    Stock: 27327174
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $32,998
    great price
    $2,630 below market
    • 28,635 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Memphis (185 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Memphis, TN / 185 miles away from Northport, AL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJHBG5PC570615
    Stock: 27344391
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $28,990
    great price
    $2,400 below market
    • 44,181 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Birmingham (49 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Birmingham, AL / 49 miles away from Northport, AL

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJGBG5PC511655
    Stock: 2003638909
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-04-2025

  • $30,998
    great price
    $2,794 below market
    • 47,779 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Montgomery (101 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Montgomery, AL / 101 miles away from Northport, AL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJHBG7N8586315
    Stock: 27309869
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $40,590
    great price
    $2,871 below market
    • 41,149 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats
    • Carvana - Memphis (185 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Memphis, TN / 185 miles away from Northport, AL

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJHET2N8517878
    Stock: 2003709362
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-09-2025

  • $33,900
    fair price
    $148 below market
    • 19,161 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Serra Hyundai (60 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Trussville, AL / 60 miles away from Northport, AL

    **Come see what everyone is talking about. Ask about our Serra Platinum Package**.**Largest Certified Inventory in the State!**Odometer is 34954 ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJHBG2PC533988
    Stock: T533988
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-22-2025

  • $29,970
    great price
    $1,905 below market
    • 48,416 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • ALM Kia South (178 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Union City, GA / 178 miles away from Northport, AL

    QUICK ORDER PACKAGE 23B ALTITUDE - 23B..GLOBAL BLK W/GLOBAL BLK, CAPRI LEATHERETTE SEATS W/SUEDE..PRIVACY GLASS..LANE DEPARTURE WARNING..LANE KEEPING ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJHAG4PC551460
    Stock: PC551460
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-11-2025

  • $11,795
    good price
    $1,432 below market
    • 115,411 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Hoover Toyota (45 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Birmingham, AL / 45 miles away from Northport, AL

    2015 Jeep Grand Cherokee Laredo Billet Silver Metallic Clearcoat RWDClean CARFAX.Automatic temperature control, Front dual zone A/C, Fully automat...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJEAG8FC613973
    Stock: TFC613973
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-27-2025

  • $37,777
    good price
    $2,335 below market
    • 14,456 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Birmingham Luxury Motors (47 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Birmingham, AL / 47 miles away from Northport, AL

    Vehicle DetailsDiscover the exceptional 2025 Jeep Grand Cherokee Altitude, a blend of performance, style, and advanced technology. With only 1...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJHAG2SC291309
    Stock: BT-291309
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-09-2025

  • $29,994
    fair price
    $842 below market
    • 5,730 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Donohoo Auto (46 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Pelham, AL / 46 miles away from Northport, AL

    If you wish to have vehicle shipped to you, that is a separate charge determined by distance. Please use the listed price as the most up to date price...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJGAG2R8506212
    Stock: 48784
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-22-2025

  • Price Drop
    $28,590
    good price
    $2,304 below market
    • 28,803 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Birmingham (49 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Birmingham, AL / 49 miles away from Northport, AL

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJFBG3LC197542
    Stock: 2003810360
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-13-2025

  • $31,445
    fair price
    $31 above market
    • 14,213 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Scott Evans Nissan (148 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Carrollton, GA / 148 miles away from Northport, AL

    Odometer is 21916 miles below market average! 19/26 City/Highway MPG CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX.CARFAX 1-OWNER / NO ACCIDENTS -------, REAR VIEW C...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJHAGXPC671733
    Stock: 25160A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-18-2025

  • Price Drop
    $16,590
    good price
    $1,599 below market
    • 122,927 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Memphis (185 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Memphis, TN / 185 miles away from Northport, AL

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJEBG9KC656288
    Stock: 2003785200
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-30-2025

  • $32,994
    fair price
    $1,241 below market
    • 19,365 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Donohoo Auto (46 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Pelham, AL / 46 miles away from Northport, AL

    If you wish to have vehicle shipped to you, that is a separate charge determined by distance. Please use the listed price as the most up to date price...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJGAG2R8916363
    Stock: 48320
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-04-2025

  • $18,997
    good price
    $1,900 below market
    • 101,215 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Tutton Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (199 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Jasper, GA / 199 miles away from Northport, AL

    Bright White Clearcoat 2019 Jeep Grand Cherokee Trailhawk 4WD 8-Speed Automatic 3.6L V6 24V VVT 4WD, Apple CarPlay/Android Auto, Heated front seats, H...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJFLG8KC639454
    Stock: 3P1680
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-03-2025

  • Price Drop
    $16,349
    good price
    $1,496 below market
    • 104,222 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • AutoNation Ford Mobile (180 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Mobile, AL / 180 miles away from Northport, AL

    Power SunroofSun/MoonroofLeather SeatsNavigation SystemKeyless StartRear Spoiler18" Steel Compact Spare WheelBillet Silver Metallic ClearcoatB...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJFAG3JC388781
    Stock: JC388781
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-28-2025

Showing 22 - 42 out of 2,615 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Jeep Grand Cherokee

Read recent reviews for the Jeep Grand Cherokee
Overall Consumer Rating
4.1 out of 5 stars147 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 147 reviews
  • 5 star
    (40%)
  • 4 star
    (40%)
  • 3 star
    (15%)
  • 2 star
    (4%)
  • 1 star
    (1%)
4.75 out of 5 stars

I love my 5.9

ptowntsi, 12/28/2006
1998 Jeep Grand Cherokee 5.9 Limited 4dr SUV 4WD
This has to be one of the best SUV's available used. I would take it over any mid-size SUV or wimpy crossover. Yes it is true many of these need to have their front and rear axles rebuilt around 100k miles, but that is not so bad. For the price of the vehicle it is easy to spend that money to have them done. When they are rebuilt they will last an easy 100k+ or more. It is completely … justifiable. These Jeeps have awesome power, and very luxurious interiors. The 5.9 limited has better leather seats than any Jeep, heated seats, heated mirrors, a great AWD system, and timeless classic styling. I recommend this Jeep for anyone looking for a reliable vehicle.
Report abuse
Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.