Skip to FiltersReport abuse
1,338 listings
- $21,501great price$3,916 below market
- 55,068 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 5 Seats, 37 City / 36 Hwy MPG
- Jacobs Mitsubishi (New Port Richey, FL)
Close
Located in New Port Richey, FL / 633 miles away from Boydton, VA
Check out this 2023 Hyundai Tucson Hybrid SEL Convenience finished in Phantom Black with a Black interior. This vehicle is equipped with the following...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
37 Combined MPG (37 City/36 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: KM8JFCA17PU098535
Stock: T098535
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 04-18-2025 - $32,990great price$2,355 below market
- 5,574 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 5 Seats, 37 City / 36 Hwy MPG
- Lake Norman Hyundai (Cornelius, NC)
Close
Located in Cornelius, NC / 161 miles away from Boydton, VA
*NAVIGATION*, *AWD*, *REMAINDER OF THE FACTORY WARRANTY*, *FULLY SERVICED AND RECORDS AVAILABLE*, *LIKE NEW CONDITION*, *REAR BACK UP CAMERA*, *POWER/...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
37 Combined MPG (37 City/36 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: KM8JECA14PU086507
Stock: D119452A
Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
Listed since: 04-29-2025 - Price Drop$21,894great price$4,346 below market
- 39,891 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 5 Seats, 38 City / 38 Hwy MPG
- Rick Case Hyundai (Davie, FL)
Close
Located in Davie, FL / 740 miles away from Boydton, VA
CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. Certified. 10 year or 100,000 mile Powertrain Warranty, Bluetooth Hands Free, Sirus XM Radio, Back Up Camera, I4. Deep...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
38 Combined MPG (38 City/38 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: KM8JBCA15PU099873
Stock: TPU099873
Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
Listed since: 03-18-2025 - $28,500good price$1,468 below market
- 23,804 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 5 Seats, 37 City / 36 Hwy MPG
- Norm Reeves Hyundai Superstore (Cerritos, CA)
Close
Located in Cerritos, CA / 2,233 miles away from Boydton, VA
***HYUNDAI CERTIFIED PRE-OWNED*** Certified. Shimmering Silver 2023 Hyundai Tucson Hybrid SEL Convenience AWD 6-Speed Automatic I4 I4.Recent Arrival! ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
37 Combined MPG (37 City/36 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: KM8JFCA11PU098935
Stock: PU098935A
Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
Listed since: 05-25-2025 - Price Drop$28,526great price$2,281 below market
- 26,243 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 5 Seats, 37 City / 36 Hwy MPG
- AutoNation Hyundai Valencia (Valencia, CA)
Close
Located in Valencia, CA / 2,248 miles away from Boydton, VA
Panoramic RoofLeather SeatsNavigation SystemCarpeted Floor MatsCargo PackageCargo CoverFront And Rear MudguardsLane Keeping AssistRear Bumper ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
37 Combined MPG (37 City/36 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: KM8JECA14PU101233
Stock: PU101233
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 05-10-2025 - New Listing$22,757great price$2,119 below market
- 58,257 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
- 5 Seats, 38 City / 38 Hwy MPG
- Crestmont Hyundai (Brunswick, OH)
Close
Located in Brunswick, OH / 366 miles away from Boydton, VA
Certified. Clean CARFAX. Apple Carplay / Android Auto, Clean Carfax, Heated Seats, Back Up Camera, Passed Rigorous Safety Inspection, Lane Departure, ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
38 Combined MPG (38 City/38 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: KM8JBCA15PU113237
Stock: P5036
Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
Listed since: 02-17-2025 - Price Drop$24,499great price$2,463 below market
- 35,432 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
- 5 Seats, 37 City / 36 Hwy MPG
- Driveway (In-stock online)
- Delivery available*
Close
Located in Wexford, PA / 289 miles away from Boydton, VA
CarFax 1-Owner,Rare Find,Green Vehicle,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Keyless...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
37 Combined MPG (37 City/36 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: KM8JFCA1XPU128143
Stock: A128143P
Certified Pre-Owned: No - $23,497great price
- 51,187 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 5 Seats, 37 City / 36 Hwy MPG
- EchoPark Automotive Houston (Southwest Freeway) (Stafford, TX)
Close
Located in Stafford, TX / 1,104 miles away from Boydton, VA
At EchoPark, it’s all about offering you options for a happy experience. We have thousands of new-to-you makes and models that range from sedans to tr...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
37 Combined MPG (37 City/36 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: KM8JFCA14PU135654
Stock: RPU135654
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 04-30-2025 - $26,000great price$3,029 below market
- 30,880 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 5 Seats, 37 City / 36 Hwy MPG
- ABC Hyundai (Las Vegas, NV)
Close
Located in Las Vegas, NV / 2,039 miles away from Boydton, VA
2023 Hyundai Tucson Hybrid SEL Convenience CERTIFIED Amazon GrayTHIS VEHICLE ALSO IS EQUIPPED WITH THE FOLLOWING OPTIONS AND FEATURES: Option Group 0...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
37 Combined MPG (37 City/36 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: KM8JFCA14PU110608
Stock: PU110608CM
Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
Listed since: 05-26-2025 - Price Drop$28,993good price$1,235 below market
- 4,432 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 5 Seats, 37 City / 36 Hwy MPG
- Zimmerman Honda (Moline, IL)
Close
Located in Moline, IL / 727 miles away from Boydton, VA
*Take a a look at this good looking 2023 Hyundai Tucson Hybrid SEL!* Loaded with multi-zone climate control, integrated navigation, touch screen AM/FM...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
37 Combined MPG (37 City/36 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: KM8JFCA17PU090001
Stock: S1344A
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 04-24-2025 - $24,397good price$1,525 below market
- 46,585 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
- 5 Seats, 37 City / 36 Hwy MPG
- EchoPark Automotive St. Louis (Chestefield, MO)
Close
Located in Chestefield, MO / 685 miles away from Boydton, VA
At EchoPark, it’s all about offering you options for a happy experience. We have thousands of new-to-you makes and models that range from sedans to tr...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
37 Combined MPG (37 City/36 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: KM8JFCA18PU134524
Stock: RPU134524
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 05-21-2025 - New Listing$25,900good price$1,667 below market
- 23,114 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 5 Seats, 38 City / 38 Hwy MPG
- Norm Reeves Hyundai Superstore (Cerritos, CA)
Close
Located in Cerritos, CA / 2,233 miles away from Boydton, VA
***HYUNDAI CERTIFIED PRE-OWNED*** Certified. Amazon Gray 2023 Hyundai Tucson Hybrid Blue AWD 6-Speed Automatic I4 I4.Recent Arrival! Odometer is 12315...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
38 Combined MPG (38 City/38 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: KM8JBCA17PU095047
Stock: PU095047A
Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
Listed since: 06-10-2025 - Price Drop$30,655fair price$520 below market
- 19,984 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 5 Seats, 37 City / 36 Hwy MPG
- Summit Toyota (Akron, OH)
Close
Located in Akron, OH / 350 miles away from Boydton, VA
Odometer is 8654 miles below market average! Clean CARFAX. CARFAX One-Owner.Shimmering Silver 2023 Hyundai Tucson Hybrid Limited 6-Speed Automatic I4 ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
37 Combined MPG (37 City/36 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: KM8JECA19PU135104
Stock: S0385A
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 04-27-2025 - $33,500good price$983 below market
- 10,864 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 5 Seats, 37 City / 36 Hwy MPG
- Spokane Hyundai (Spokane Valley, WA)
Close
Located in Spokane Valley, WA / 2,106 miles away from Boydton, VA
Welcome to Spokane Hyundai, this Serenity White Pearl 2023 Hyundai Tucson Hybrid Limited is a great choice! Check out the following:Carfax One Owner!C...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
37 Combined MPG (37 City/36 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: KM8JECA11PU123013
Stock: 25495A
Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
Listed since: 04-16-2025 - $27,790good price$908 below market
- 10,376 miles
- No accidents, personal use only
- 5 Seats, 38 City / 38 Hwy MPG
- Hyundai of Dodge City (Dodge City, KS)
Close
Located in Dodge City, KS / 1,191 miles away from Boydton, VA
Our 2023 Hyundai Tucson Hybrid Blue is loaded with lots of extras!This Tucson Hybrid has been serviced and is ready for the road!One Owner! N...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
38 Combined MPG (38 City/38 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: KM8JBCA13PU086832
Stock: PU086832
Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
Listed since: 06-07-2023 - Price Drop$25,125fair price$449 below market
- 50,490 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
- 5 Seats, 37 City / 36 Hwy MPG
- Nissan of Olathe (Olathe, KS)
Close
Located in Olathe, KS / 907 miles away from Boydton, VA
Nissan of Olathe Proudly Presents: Shimmering Silver 2023 Hyundai Tucson Hybrid SEL Convenience Clean CARFAX. CARFAX One-Owner. 37/36 City/Highway MPG...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
37 Combined MPG (37 City/36 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: KM8JFCA18PU121997
Stock: P121997
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 04-16-2025 - Price Drop$24,520fair price$103 below market
- 36,435 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 5 Seats, 38 City / 38 Hwy MPG
- Stokes Hodges Kia (Beech Island, SC)
Close
Located in Beech Island, SC / 297 miles away from Boydton, VA
I4. Clean CARFAX. 2023 Hyundai Tucson Hybrid Blue Phantom Black CARFAX One-Owner.This Tucson Hybrid Blue includes Cargo Package (Cargo Net, Cargo Tr...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
38 Combined MPG (38 City/38 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: KM8JBCA12PU085588
Stock: K13050B
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 04-18-2025 - $30,471fair price
- 19,801 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 5 Seats, 37 City / 36 Hwy MPG
- BMW of Dallas (Dallas, TX)
Close
Located in Dallas, TX / 1,078 miles away from Boydton, VA
Panoramic RoofLeather SeatsNavigation SystemCarpeted Floor MatsLane Keeping AssistKeyless StartRear SpoilerCooled Front Seat(S)Gray; Leather S...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
37 Combined MPG (37 City/36 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: KM8JECA10PU111872
Stock: PU111872
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 04-04-2025 - $23,997good price
- 49,081 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
- 5 Seats, 37 City / 36 Hwy MPG
- EchoPark Automotive San Antonio (San Antonio, TX)
Close
Located in San Antonio, TX / 1,264 miles away from Boydton, VA
At EchoPark, it’s all about offering you options for a happy experience. We have thousands of new-to-you makes and models that range from sedans to tr...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
37 Combined MPG (37 City/36 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: KM8JFCA13PU132762
Stock: RPU132762
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 05-01-2025 - Price Drop$25,000fair price$602 below market
- 26,424 miles
- No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
- 5 Seats, 38 City / 38 Hwy MPG
- AutoMax PreOwned Framingham (Framingham, MA)
Close
Located in Framingham, MA / 537 miles away from Boydton, VA
Only 26k Miles - AWD Hybrid - Shimmering Silver exterior on Black interior with Remote Start, Heated Seats, Apple CarPlay / Android Auto, Steering Whe...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: Yes
Features and Specs:
38 Combined MPG (38 City/38 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: KM8JBCA12PU119139
Stock: 119139
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 05-01-2025 - $26,330good price$1,603 below market
- 42,601 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 5 Seats, 37 City / 36 Hwy MPG
- Lia Hyundai of Albany (Albany, NY)
Close
Located in Albany, NY / 482 miles away from Boydton, VA
New Price!* One Owner - Clean CAR-FAX, * 150 Multi Point Service Inspection, * AWD / All Wheel Drive, * SEL Package*, *Apple CarPlay*, *Android Auto*,...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
37 Combined MPG (37 City/36 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: KM8JFCA13PU133409
Stock: PU133409R
Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
Listed since: 04-07-2025
Showing 1 - 21 out of 1,338 listings
Consumer Reviews for the Hyundai Tucson
Read recent reviews for the Hyundai Tucson
Great car, dissappointing gas mileage
CES, 12/31/2022
2023 Hyundai Tucson Limited Hybrid 4dr SUV AWD (1.6L 4cyl Turbo gas/electric hybrid 6A)
Buying Experience:
We researched the Tucson Hybrid Limited and Toyota Rav4 Hybrid carefully. Though I was more attracted to the Rav's better gas mileage, in the end, it came down to Hyundai's significantly better warranty. It took almost a year to receive our 2023 Tucson and we "survived" a very frustrating buying environment, where ALL Hyundai and Toyota dealers for a 200-mile radius … were adding significant "market conditions" mark-ups ($3k - $5k) over MSRP (Dayton, OH). Some dealers hid their mark-ups as "dealer installed options" that weren't optional (i.e. fabric/paint protector, etc.) and weren't mentioned until well into the buying process. We paid "only" $1,200 over MSRP for dealer installed, no-value-to-me options that we didn't want, but it was the best deal we could find.
Car Equipment:
Having decided to buy a Limited version for the first time in our lives, we have been very happy with the features and comfort of this car. Though my wife has initially been a little more tentative about some of the tech features (lane centering, adaptive cruise, multiple audio warnings, etc.). I have driven several rental cars with these features and have been comfortable from day 1. Our sales rep did spend an hour with us to go over the tech, but it was very overwhelming for my wife. This would take her several sessions if I was not able to assist. Nearly all controls are touch sensitive vs. knobs/dials, and that's a very subjective issue for most people. I have had no issues with audio and environmental controls...not to mention you can do nearly all controls via voice command if you prefer. We are very satisfied with the comfort of the seats and all the touch-points. The back seats are very comfortable and offer plenty of leg/head room for people up to, I'm guessing, about 6', even with the front seats being quite far back. The rear seats also recline for the comfort of passengers on longer trips. The cargo area is surprisingly big for a car of this size, and it seems huge with the back seats folded forward. Additionally, the load height is fairly low for an SUV and we've been able to get even heavy things in/out with no problem.
Car Performance and Driving Impressions:
I'm very satisfied with the driving performance and comfort of the vehicle. Acceleration onto the highway is more than adequate, maybe even impressive. The handling seems excellent for an SUV. I also own a Mustang GT, so I'm not comparing with a Prius or something like that. We previously owned an Elantra GT, and the steering/handling seemed OK, but certainly not great; sort of a "dead" feel at the steering wheel and I was a bit disappointed for something with "GT" in the title. This car handles significantly better and has better road-feel in all conditions. The hybrid is AWD and I have driven it extensively in snow over the past week. It has a "snow mode", but it performed admirably in snow, ice, and slushy conditions without even putting it in snow mode (I have a 4WD Ford Ranger to compare with). Maybe I didn't press it hard enough, but I honestly couldn't tell the difference when it was in snow mode. The lane centering and adaptive cruise is very smooth compared with other makes/models I've driven with those features, and does not make jerky or abrupt corrections to lane or speed. The one significant negative and the reason for the 4-star rating is the gas mileage. We are both very conservative drivers who do not typically make jackrabbit starts/stops. In fact, I have purposely driven VERY conservatively over the last two tankfuls in mixed city/highway driving and we can NOT do any better than 30 MPG. In fact, this second tank is showing as 29 MPG average on the dash indicator. I will do a manual check of gas mileage next time I fill it, but I doubt the computer is very far off, if at all. This is really disappointing to me and I certainly could not recommend the car IF your number 1 factor is the gas mileage. Overall, the car is the nicest we've ever owned, so we're still OK with it, but I certainly hope the gas mileage gets better as the car breaks in further. It is possible that the very cold weather (lots of below 0 temps over the past couple of weeks) has negatively affected the mileage as the combustion engines runs a little more to help warm up the car and run all the accessories. Time will tell and I will add an update when I have more gas mileage data to consider.
UPDATE 5 July 23
We have now driven the car about 6,000 miles and have taken a couple 5-6 hour road trips and are still very happy with the features, comfort, and driving performance of the car. The gas mileage has been better in around town and mixed driving (sometimes up to 37), but it's still unimpressive on the mostly highway trips (32-33). Overall, I would give the car a 4.5-star rating due to the gas mileage mostly under performing the estimates. I'm sure most people wouldn't care as much, but the predicted fuel economy was a major reason we bought the car.
Filters
Skip to ResultsApplied Filters5Active
Make & Model
Year
New / Used
Price & Payments
Price Rating
Body Type
Trim
Mileage
Accidents & History
Engine & Drivetrain
Exterior Color
Interior Color
Total Seating
Edmunds Review
Features
Options & Packages
MPG
* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.