Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
570 listings
  • $17,594
    great price
    $2,553 below market
    26,841 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use
    4cyl Automatic
    Brookville Chevrolet Buick (56 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Brookville, PA / 56 miles away from Portage, PA

    Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price!Certified. Chevrolet Certified Pre-Owned Details:* Roadside Assistance* Warranty Deductible: $0* Limited Warranty...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3GNCJPSB8LL157338
    Stock: 7864A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 12-29-2023

  • Price Drop
    $12,788
    great price
    $2,202 below market
    65,353 miles
    No accidents, 2 Owners, Personal use
    4cyl Automatic
    Driveway (73 mi away)
    Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Wexford, PA / 73 miles away from Portage, PA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Turbo/Supercharged,WiFi Hotspot,4 Cylinder Engine,6-Speed A/T,A/C,A/T,ABS,Adjustab...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL7CJKSB0JB709583
    Stock: V709583P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $18,173
    great price
    $1,917 below market
    21,009 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Corporate fleet vehicle
    4cyl Automatic
    Driveway (72 mi away)
    Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Pittsburgh, PA / 72 miles away from Portage, PA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Low Mileage,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Remote Start,Satellite Radio,Turbo/S...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3GNCJPSB2LL236133
    Stock: S236133P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $17,594
    great price
    $1,751 below market
    38,890 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Corporate fleet vehicle
    4cyl Automatic
    Brookville Chevrolet Buick (56 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Brookville, PA / 56 miles away from Portage, PA

    Certified. Chevrolet Certified Pre-Owned Details:* Transferable Warranty* 172 Point Inspection* Vehicle History* 24 months/24,000 miles (whichever com...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL7CJPSB8LB353948
    Stock: 7852A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 10-27-2023

  • Advertisement

    8 Offers Nearby

    2024 Chevrolet Trax
    • 7 Colors
    • 5 Trims
    • 6 Packages
    View Offers
    *The Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price excludes destination freight charge, tax, title, license, dealer fees and optional equipment. Click here to see all Chevrolet vehicles' destination freight charges. Dealer sets the final price.
  • Price Drop
    $19,000
    fair price
    $544 below market
    26,305 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use only
    4cyl Automatic
    Luther Ford Lincoln (26 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Homer City, PA / 26 miles away from Portage, PA

    Mosaic Black Metallic 2022 Chevrolet Trax LT AWD 6-Speed Automatic Turbo 1.4L VVT DOHC 4-Cylinder DI SIDI23/30 City/Highway MPG

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL7CJPSM7NB522927
    Stock: 99618A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-23-2024

  • Price Drop
    Stock photo**
    $24,513
    great price
    $1,690 below market
    5,458 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use only
    3cyl Automatic
    Sutliff Volkswagen (97 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Harrisburg, PA / 97 miles away from Portage, PA

    This 2024 Chevrolet Trax 2RS in Mosaic Black Metallic features: 1.2L Ecotec Turbo DOHC DI w/VVT 6-Speed AutomaticONE OWNER WITH A CLEAN CARFAX REPORT!...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (28 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL77LJE24RC120561
    Stock: 203883A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-16-2024

  • $20,990
    fair price
    $697 above market
    5,038 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use only
    4cyl Automatic
    Courtesy Kia (18 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Altoona, PA / 18 miles away from Portage, PA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3GNCJPSB3LL125641
    Stock: 4P4399
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-29-2024

  • $13,371
    great price
    $1,640 below market
    71,232 miles
    1 Accident, 2 Owners, Rental vehicle
    4cyl Automatic
    Hertz Car Sales Pittsburgh Coraopolis (80 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Coraopolis, PA / 80 miles away from Portage, PA

    At Hertz Car Sales, view our thousands of vehicles with pricing often below market value! Take advantage of no-haggle pricing, our 7 day/250 mile Buy ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3GNCJPSB6KL223268
    Stock: 53276
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-31-2024

  • Advertisement

    8 Offers Nearby

    2024 Chevrolet Trax
    • 7 Colors
    • 5 Trims
    • 6 Packages
    View Offers
    *The Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price excludes destination freight charge, tax, title, license, dealer fees and optional equipment. Click here to see all Chevrolet vehicles' destination freight charges. Dealer sets the final price.
  • $16,750
    good price
    $1,168 below market
    48,574 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use
    4cyl Automatic
    Thomas Buick GMC (13 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Johnstown, PA / 13 miles away from Portage, PA

    <b>Vehicle Details</b> Get ready to take on any adventure in this incredible 2021 Chevrolet Trax LS! With only 48298 miles on the odometer, this beaut...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL7CJNSB9MB301556
    Stock: UA301556
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-08-2024

  • Price Drop
    $17,714
    good price
    $738 below market
    23,142 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use
    4cyl Automatic
    Driveway (73 mi away)
    Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Wexford, PA / 73 miles away from Portage, PA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Low Mileage,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Remote Start,Satellite Radio,WiFi Hotspot,4-Wheel Disc ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3GNCJPSB9LL322636
    Stock: V322636P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $15,435
    good price
    $1,073 below market
    40,636 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use only
    4cyl Automatic
    Criswell Chevrolet of Thurmont (86 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Thurmont, MD / 86 miles away from Portage, PA

    Summit White 2020 Chevrolet Trax LS FWD 6-Speed Automatic ECOTEC 1.4L I4 SMPI DOHC Turbocharged VVT Preferred Equipment Group 1LS. Recent Arrival! 26/...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL7CJKSB2LB064101
    Stock: Q240375A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-11-2024

  • $16,594
    good price
    $1,453 below market
    49,625 miles
    No accidents, 2 Owners, Personal use
    4cyl Automatic
    Brookville Chevrolet Buick (56 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Brookville, PA / 56 miles away from Portage, PA

    Certified. Chevrolet Certified Pre-Owned Details:* Limited Warranty: 12 Month/12,000 Mile (whichever comes first) from certified purchase date* Vehicl...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL7CJPSB3KB754922
    Stock: 7857B
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 01-27-2024

  • Price Drop
    $14,295
    good price
    $1,249 below market
    68,253 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use only
    4cyl Automatic
    Fitzgerald Chevrolet of Hagerstown (75 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Hagerstown, MD / 75 miles away from Portage, PA

    NA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL7CJLSB7LB092062
    Stock: S161156B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-21-2024

  • $19,491
    fair price
    $256 below market
    30,841 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use
    4cyl Automatic
    Thomas Chevrolet (27 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Bedford, PA / 27 miles away from Portage, PA

    <b>Vehicle Details</b> Introducing the exceptional 2021 Chevrolet Trax LT, now available at our esteemed dealership. This used gem boasts a mere 30,54...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL7CJPSB7MB346538
    Stock: UA346538
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-22-2024

  • $17,611
    fair price
    $327 below market
    42,163 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use
    4cyl Automatic
    Thomas Buick GMC (13 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Johnstown, PA / 13 miles away from Portage, PA

    <b>Vehicle Details</b> Introducing the exceptional 2020 Chevrolet Trax LT, a remarkable compact SUV that combines style, versatility, and cutting-edge...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL7CJPSB6LB347453
    Stock: UA347453
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-22-2024

  • Price Drop
    $19,588
    fair price
    $509 below market
    31,770 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use only
    4cyl Automatic
    Memorial Highway Chevrolet of Somerset (31 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Somerset, PA / 31 miles away from Portage, PA

    ***FREE DELIVERY UP TO 3 HOURS AWAY LIFETIME INSPECTIONS***CERTIFIED PRE OWNED*** CLEAN CARFAX!!! 1 OWNER!!! LOCAL TRADE!!! WELL MAINTAINED!!!REMOTE ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL7CJPSM4NB522142
    Stock: S1262A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-23-2024

  • $10,995
    fair price
    $1,088 below market
    81,217 miles
    No accidents, 2 Owners, Personal use
    4cyl Automatic
    Vehicle Wish Auto Sales (97 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Frederick, MD / 97 miles away from Portage, PA

    2017 Chevrolet Trax with an available 'Extended Warranty'

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL7CJKSB2HB127270
    Stock: 3289
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-24-2023

  • $17,595
    fair price
    $48 below market
    39,759 miles
    1 Accident, 2 Owners, Personal use only
    4cyl Automatic
    Brookville Chevrolet Buick (56 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Brookville, PA / 56 miles away from Portage, PA

    Silver Ice Metallic 2020 Chevrolet Trax LT AWD 6-Speed Automatic ECOTEC 1.4L I4 SMPI DOHC Turbocharged VVTRecent Arrival!24/29 City/Highway MPGTrax LT...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3GNCJPSB5LL209959
    Stock: 7880A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-29-2024

  • $17,499
    good price
    $824 below market
    50,801 miles
    No accidents, 2 Owners, Rental vehicle
    4cyl Automatic
    Enterprise Car Sales Mechanicsburg (88 mi away)
    Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Mechanicsburg, PA / 88 miles away from Portage, PA

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL7CJPSM4MB368577
    Stock: 7VGP5T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-14-2024

  • New Listing
    $19,988
    fair price
    $484 above market
    16,030 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use
    4cyl Automatic
    Memorial Highway Chevrolet (14 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Windber, PA / 14 miles away from Portage, PA

    FREE DELIVERY UP TO 3 HOURS AWAY*** LIFETIME INSPECTIONS*** CLEAN CARFAX!!! LOW MILES!!! ALL WHEEL DRIVE!!! GAS MILEAGE!!! KEYLESS ENTRY, CRUISE CONTR...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL7CJPSB6LB335383
    Stock: P2708
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-04-2024

  • New Listing
    $16,499
    good price
    $675 below market
    62,194 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Rental vehicle
    4cyl Automatic
    Enterprise Car Sales Cranberry (77 mi away)
    Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Cranberry Township, PA / 77 miles away from Portage, PA

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL7CJLSM5MB364269
    Stock: 7VFKHG
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-19-2024

Showing 1 - 21 out of 570 listings
Select Buying Experience
Filters
Skip to Results

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

make

model

Year

to
Year

Condition

Price & Payment

570 cars
|
$17,196 avg. price
$
to
$
Price

Price Rating

Edmunds' ratings are backed by 15+ years of pricing research done by our data scientistsHow are ratings determined?We analyze millions of data points to generate our ratings. We look at vehicle configuration, options, history, nearby transactions, market pricing and more — the ratings are up-to-date and relevant to your search area.

Trim

Mileage

to
Mileage

Vehicle History

Engine & Drivetrain

Transmission

Engine Type

Drivetrain

Cylinders

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Features

Comfort & Convenience

Safety

Engine & Exterior

Entertainment

Options & Packages

MPG

to
MPG

Vehicle Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.