Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
254 listings
  • $57,461
    great price
    $4,320 below market
    • 15,664 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • INFINITI of Cincinnati (238 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 238 miles away from Lansing, MI

    2023 Audi Q8 55 Premium Plusquattro 3.0L V6 Turbocharged DOHC 24V LEV3-ULEV70 335hp quattroGrayPriced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! Odometer is 1...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1EVBF1XPD035418
    Stock: 634931
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-27-2025

    • 69,056 miles
    • Frame damage reported, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • S&M Auto Sales (173 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 173 miles away from Lansing, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: Yes

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1AVAF13LD017071
    Stock: Y017071
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-22-2024

  • Price Drop
    • 87,437 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Twin City Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (200 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Lafayette, IN / 200 miles away from Lansing, MI

    2020 Audi Q8 55 Premium Plus quattro Black 3.0L V6 Turbocharged DOHC 24V LEV3-ULEV125 335hp 8-Speed Automatic with TiptronicTwin City Chrysler Dodge J...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1BVAF14LD004124
    Stock: PT41082
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-12-2025

  • Appraise
    my car

    Get the Edmunds appraisal report and a no-obligation offer for your car

    See my car’s value
  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 31,745 miles
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • International Subaru (184 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Tinley Park, IL / 184 miles away from Lansing, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1EVBF12ND034664
    Stock: ND034664
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-16-2025

  • Price Drop
    $31,296
    great price
    $4,392 below market
    • 89,725 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Bend, OR / 1,829 miles away from Lansing, MI

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Rare Find,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Chrome Wheels,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1EVAF18MD017571
    Stock: MD017571A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $29,995
    great price
    $3,474 below market
    • 81,532 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Lehigh Valley Truck N Auto (483 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Schnecksville, PA / 483 miles away from Lansing, MI

    ***LEHIGH VALLEY TRUCK N AUTO*** Is pleased to offer you an excellent variety of vehicles, where our quality & great prices meet together. We have num...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1AVAF18MD036572
    Stock: 036572
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-17-2025

  • New Listing
    • 50,665 miles
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 955 miles away from Lansing, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1FVAF18MD044208
    Stock: 2003814648
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-20-2025

  • $49,157
    good price
    $3,092 below market
    • 36,108 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Maple Hill Volvo Cars (64 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Kalamazoo, MI / 64 miles away from Lansing, MI

    Audi Certified. 2021 Audi Q8 Prestige, Vicuna Beige Metallic, Heated & Ventilated Front Seats, 3.0L V6 Turbocharged DOHC 24V LEV3-ULEV70 335hp, 8-Spee...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1FVAF15MD038236
    Stock: K250530
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-29-2025

  • New Listing
    $40,980
    good price
    $3,031 below market
    • 67,127 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • BMW of Schererville (172 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Schererville, IN / 172 miles away from Lansing, MI

    Recent Arrival! Clean CARFAX.Sensational comfort, style, and versatility are yours in our Accident Free 2021 Audi Q8 55 Prestige quattro presented in ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1FVAF12MD036248
    Stock: 25489B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-09-2025

  • $52,400
    fair price
    $304 below market
    • 42,539 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Zeigler Chevrolet Schaumburg (184 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Schaumburg, IL / 184 miles away from Lansing, MI

    2023 Audi Q8 55 Premium Plus AWD ABS brakes, Alloy wheels, Compass, Electronic Stability Control, Front dual zone A/C, Heated door mirrors, Heated Fro...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1EVBF12PD022047
    Stock: P1034
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-25-2025

  • $41,599
    fair price
    $336 below market
    • 39,005 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in El Cajon, CA / 1,885 miles away from Lansing, MI

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1AVAF1XMD006022
    Stock: 8GGDHR
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-20-2025

  • New Listing
    $45,987
    good price
    $2,126 below market
    • 54,590 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Coral Springs, FL / 1,162 miles away from Lansing, MI

    Rare Find,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Chrome Wheels,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heads-Up Display,Heated Seats,Heate...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1FVAF19MD033542
    Stock: TDMD033542
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $53,290
    fair price
    $663 above market
    • 22,899 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (475 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Johnston, IA / 475 miles away from Lansing, MI

    CarFax 1-Owner,Rare Find,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1AVBF16PD018131
    Stock: PD018131DP
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $52,990
    fair price
    $785 above market
    • 21,805 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • McGrath Hyundai of Dubuque (315 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Dubuque, IA / 315 miles away from Lansing, MI

    Odometer is 36683 miles below market average! CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX.2021 Audi Q8 55 Prestige quattro 3.0L V6 Turbocharged DOHC 24V LEV3-ULEV7...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1FVAF1XMD036336
    Stock: T250930B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-15-2025

  • $47,000
    fair price
    $526 below market
    • 39,762 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Mercedes-Benz of Barrington (187 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Barrington, IL / 187 miles away from Lansing, MI

    Daytona Gray Pearl Effect 2021 Audi Q8 55 Prestige quattro 21" 5-Segment-Spoke-Design Wheels, 4-Wheel-Steering, 4-Zone Climate Control, Adaptive Air S...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1FVAF1XMD007919
    Stock: 456986MA
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-15-2025

  • $44,995
    fair price
    $629 above market
    • 47,801 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Greenville Auto & RV (229 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Greenville, WI / 229 miles away from Lansing, MI

    CarFax 1 Owner 2021 Audi Q8 Prestige Quattro! S-Line! Turbocharged 6cyl, AWD, Heated and Cooled Leather Seats, Heated Steering Wheel, Huge Panoramic M...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1FVAF10MD003412
    Stock: 003412
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-11-2025

  • Price Drop
    $42,590
    fair price
    $197 above market
    • 52,567 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 1,614 miles away from Lansing, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1EVAF14MD032472
    Stock: 2003697270
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-22-2025

  • $36,600
    fair price
    $327 above market
    • 69,110 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Roberts Automotive (339 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Springfield, IL / 339 miles away from Lansing, MI

    This outstanding example of a 2021 Audi Q8 Premium is offered by Robert's Automotive Inc.. This Audi Q8 offers all the comforts of a well-optioned sed...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1AVAF14MD027402
    Stock: 027402
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-14-2024

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $34,462
    fair price
    $34 above market
    • 97,363 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Sunbury Motors Hyundai (420 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Sunbury, PA / 420 miles away from Lansing, MI

    Orca Black Metallic 2021 Audi Q8 55 Premium Plus quattro quattro 8-Speed Automatic with Tiptronic 3.0L V6 Turbocharged DOHC 24V LEV3-ULEV70 335hpWhen ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1EVAF13MD015355
    Stock: FM976B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-14-2025

  • Price Drop
    $43,590
    fair price
    $83 above market
    • 50,923 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Memphis, TN / 600 miles away from Lansing, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1EVAF17MD019523
    Stock: 2003816826
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-11-2025

    • 17,254 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Astorg Pre-Owned Plaza (337 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Charleston, WV / 337 miles away from Lansing, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1CVBF18PD028247
    Stock: V8451A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-20-2025

Showing 127 - 147 out of 254 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Audi Q8

Read recent reviews for the Audi Q8
Overall Consumer Rating
4.1 out of 5 stars29 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 29 reviews
  • 5 star
    (55%)
  • 4 star
    (21%)
  • 3 star
    (7%)
  • 2 star
    (14%)
  • 1 star
    (3%)
5 out of 5 stars

Audi, where have you been all my life?

Jim Shields, 04/20/2019
2019 Audi Q8 3.0 TFSI Premium quattro 4dr SUV AWD (3.0L 6cyl Turbo gas/electric hybrid 8A)
After months of research I purchased the Q8 with Premium Trim. The Q8 has exceeded my expectations as a sporty and luxurious SUV. As a tall man (6’6”), I feel right at home in the Q8 and driving it is a lot of fun! This SUV has all kinds of power and smoothness. The Technology in the vehicle is a lot but it becomes fairly intuitive after a few days. Super quiet on the inside! One … note for better or worse, the Q8 is bigger than you think - closer to the Q7 than the Q5. If you want a true midsized SUV I’d look at the Q5 and if I still had kids going to soccer, lacrosse, etc... I would have bought the Q7 The rear cargo area has enough room for my golf clubs, and work materials. The back seat has more room than any other vehicle I considered. I looked closely at and considered the BMW X5, Acura MDX, and the Mercedes GLE. Personally I don’t care for the looks of the Lexus or Infiniti SUVs, The Range Rovers looks great but I was scared away by the reliability reports on Edmunds, and I don’t really see myself as a Jag or Porsche owner.
Report abuse
Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters5Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details

* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.