Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
143 listings
  • Price Drop
    $51,999
    good price
    $4,141 below market
    • 6,315 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Land Rover Sacramento (82 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 82 miles away from Fremont, CA

    Sunroof, Heated Leather Seats, NAV, Power Liftgate, 4x4, Panoramic Roof, Alloy Wheels, Tow Hitch, WHEEL PROTECTION PACK, CLOUD/EBONY, GRAINED LEATHER ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (22 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALYJ2EX6SA393896
    Stock: UL9860
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-04-2025

  • $48,988
    good price
    $2,225 below market
    • 7,710 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Porsche Livermore (17 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Livermore, CA / 17 miles away from Fremont, CA

    Certified. Carpathian Gray Premium Metallic 2025 Land Rover Range Rover Velar S 4WD 8-Speed Automatic 2.0L I4 TurbochargedOdometer is 1089 miles below...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (22 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALYJ2EX5SA391993
    Stock: PL91993RZ
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-28-2025

    • 8,365 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Porsche Livermore (17 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Livermore, CA / 17 miles away from Fremont, CA

    Certified. Zadar Gray Premium Metallic 2024 Land Rover Range Rover Velar Dynamic SE 4WD 8-Speed Automatic 2.0L I4 TurbochargedOdometer is 4402 miles b...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (22 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALYL2EX5RA370873
    Stock: PL70873RZ
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-07-2025

    • 15,804 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Porsche Livermore (17 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Livermore, CA / 17 miles away from Fremont, CA

    Certified. Brown 2024 Land Rover Range Rover Velar Dynamic SE 4WD 8-Speed Automatic 2.0L I4 Turbocharged22/26 City/Highway MPGLand Rover Approved Cert...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (22 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALYL2EX8RA375579
    Stock: PL75579RZ
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-07-2025

  • Price Drop
    $60,000
    great price
    $10,461 below market
    • 4,523 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Sherman Oaks, CA / 308 miles away from Fremont, CA

    Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Start,Lane Keeping Assist,Leather Se...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALYL2FU9SA395561
    Stock: SA395561T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 20,094 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Marin Luxury Cars (37 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Corte Madera, CA / 37 miles away from Fremont, CA

    *LAND ROVER APPROVED CERTIFIED PRE-OWNED**2023 Range Rover Velar P340 R-Dynamic S...Lantau Bronze Premium Metallic...Acorn Grained Leather Seats....14...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALYT2EU9PA354257
    Stock: L11623A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-04-2025

    • 8,327 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Orlando, FL / 2,410 miles away from Fremont, CA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALYL2FU9SA396077
    Stock: SA396077R
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 8,121 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Orlando, FL / 2,410 miles away from Fremont, CA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Start,L...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (22 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALYL2EX9SA394390
    Stock: SA394390R
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 7,087 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Cole European Land Rover (25 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Walnut Creek, CA / 25 miles away from Fremont, CA

    COLE EUROPEAN VIP LOANER- LAND ROVER FACTORY CERTIFIED 5 YEAR UNLIMITED MILEAGE WARRANTY INCLUDED

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (22 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALYL2EXXSA394088
    Stock: P4989SL
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes

  • Price Drop
    • 7,069 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Troy, MI / 2,064 miles away from Fremont, CA

    Rare Find,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Start,Lane Keeping Assist,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (22 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALYL2EX6SA393973
    Stock: SA393973R
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $53,000
    fair price
    $360 below market
    • 9,114 miles
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Land Rover San Francisco (27 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in San Francisco, CA / 27 miles away from Fremont, CA

    2025 Land Rover Range Rover Velar KEY FEATURES INCLUDENavigation, Sunroof, Panoramic Roof, 4x4, Power Liftgate Nav System, Heated Leather Seats, Moonr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (22 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALYJ2EX4SA394822
    Stock: A394822L
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-04-2025

  • New Listing
    • 4,460 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Orlando, FL / 2,410 miles away from Fremont, CA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Start,L...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALYL2FUXSA801637
    Stock: SA801637R
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 4,546 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Orlando, FL / 2,410 miles away from Fremont, CA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Start,L...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (22 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALYL2EX4SA800320
    Stock: SA800320R
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 20,380 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Marin Luxury Cars (37 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Corte Madera, CA / 37 miles away from Fremont, CA

    This *ONE OWNER CERTIFIED 2023 RANGE ROVER VELAR R-DYNAMIC* features...REAR SEAT CONVENIENCE PACK...*COLD CLIMATE PACK*...FRONT FOG LIGHTS... SOLAR AT...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALYT2EX2PA349461
    Stock: L11609A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-25-2025

  • New Listing
    • 3,607 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 1,458 miles away from Fremont, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (22 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALYL2EX4SA811284
    Stock: 2003774236
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-31-2025

  • New Listing
    • 15,514 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Las Vegas, NV / 392 miles away from Fremont, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (22 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALYL2EX0SA398490
    Stock: 2003762151
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-29-2025

  • Stock photo**
    • 7,136 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Cole European Land Rover (25 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Walnut Creek, CA / 25 miles away from Fremont, CA

    How about this great vehicle! Its name continues to define excellence, both on and off the road! A turbocharger further enhances performance, while al...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (22 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALYL2EX9SA393840
    Stock: P4990SL
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 40,975 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Porsche Livermore (17 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Livermore, CA / 17 miles away from Fremont, CA

    White 2023 Land Rover Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic S MHEV 4WD 8-Speed Automatic 3.0L I6 TurbochargedRecent Arrival! 20/26 City/Highway MPG

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALYT2EU6PA365457
    Stock: L93190A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-27-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 4,267 miles
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Cole European Land Rover (25 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Walnut Creek, CA / 25 miles away from Fremont, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (22 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALYL2EX7SA399894
    Stock: P5018SL
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 12 miles
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Cole European Land Rover (25 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Walnut Creek, CA / 25 miles away from Fremont, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (22 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALYJ2EXXSA393979
    Stock: P5007SL
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 5,967 miles
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Cole European Land Rover (25 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Walnut Creek, CA / 25 miles away from Fremont, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (22 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALYJ2EX0SA394316
    Stock: P5006SL
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes

Showing 1 - 21 out of 143 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Land Rover Range Rover Velar

Read recent reviews for the Land Rover Range Rover Velar
Overall Consumer Rating
3.9 out of 5 stars41 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 41 reviews
  • 5 star
    (66%)
  • 4 star
    (5%)
  • 3 star
    (0%)
  • 2 star
    (10%)
  • 1 star
    (20%)
2 out of 5 stars

This car is not reliable, don't buy it

Debcos, 12/16/2019
2019 Land Rover Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic SE 4dr SUV AWD (3.0L 6cyl S/C 8A)
Unfortunately, since the time I bought this car (end of September 2018) I had many issues with my new Land Rover Velar 2019. First issues were mostly electrical (screen not working, error messages while being stopped at a red light, back camera not working, etc. I took the car in two opportunities and they explained these cars usually need software updates. I thought I should not waste … my time taking the car to the dealer but did it…. I also had a weird noise with the breaks. They had to change them. Then I had to take the car for the Annual Service. They checked everything and in less than a month, my engine light was on! Took the car AGAIN and they said it was another engine software (not sure why no one update this when I took the car for my annual service?). But after taking the car 2 times, in less than a month my engine light went on AGAIN!! I was so upset and frustrated. The dealer suggested me that I contact Land Rover Customer Service for a Re-Purchase, as it’s obvious to me I have a defective car… After talking to someone for 38 minutes, she asked me many questions about my car, even if I have already paid for the car which we did, she simply said my case didn’t apply for re-purchase. She didn’t explain why or what was the criteria. Her only “solution” was for me to keep taking my car to the dealer. What type of solution is this? I asked to talk to her supervisor. She said he would call in the next 5 hours which he didn’t. He called passed the 5 hours and left a message saying I should follow this with the customer service representative, like ignoring my request of talking to him…. I’m EXTREMELY DISSAPOINTED WITH LAND ROVER CUSTOMER SERVICE. My advice is: if you want a car that works and is reliable, PLEASE don’t buy this car, it’s gorgeous but it’s not reliable and customer service will not help you at all. They will just send you to the dealer and you will waste your time and money taking the car for service many times.
Report abuse

Used 2025 Land Rover Range Rover Velar in Fremont, CA Values

Estimated values
2025 Land Rover Range Rover Velar P250 S 4dr SUV AWD (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
OutstandingN/AN/AN/A
CleanN/AN/AN/A
AverageN/AN/AN/A
RoughN/AN/AN/A

The average list price of a used 2025 Land Rover Range Rover Velar in Fremont, California is $56,007. The average mileage on a used Land Rover Range Rover Velar 2025 for sale in Fremont, California is 9,971. Based on the average mileage of 9,971 for used 2025 Land Rover Range Rover Velar for sale in Fremont, CA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Land Rover Range Rover Velar 2025 in Fremont, California to be N/A.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.