Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
291 listings

$0
Porsche Cayenne Coupe rebates in 22906
Check your savings potential before you buy

  • Stock photo**
    • 6,710 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 4 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Porsche Columbus (272 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 272 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    Check out this *untitled* 2024 Porsche Cayenne. This vehicle is an ex courtesy vehicle or manager demonstrator. This vehicle still qualifies for the n...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1BA2AY8RDA54995
    Stock: I243919
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-07-2024

    • 1,653 miles
    • Lemon reported, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats
    • Drive A Dream (440 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Marietta, GA / 440 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    CAYENNE S COUPE! LOADED!! AWD! NAVIGATION SYSTEM, LEATHER HEATED SEATS, PANORAMIC SUNROOF, ALL AROUND VIEW CAMERA, SMART KEY, BOSE PREMIUM SOUND SYSTE...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: Yes

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1BN2AYXRDA64271
    Stock: RDA64271
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-21-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 5,927 miles
    • Lemon reported, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 17 mi est. electric range
    • 4 Seats, 20 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • ALM Roswell (428 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Roswell, GA / 428 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    CAYENNE COUPE PLATINUM EDITION..21" RS SPYDER DESIGN WHEELS..ADAPTIVE SPORT SEATS..PANORAMIC..NAVIGATION..BLIND SPOT..LANE CHANGE ASSIST..HEATED SEATS...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: Yes

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (20 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1BE2AY3NDA51324
    Stock: NDA51324
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-16-2024

  • Appraise
    my car

    Get the Edmunds appraisal report and a no-obligation offer for your car

    See my car’s value
  • New Listing
    • 5,108 miles
    • 4 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Porsche Burlington (492 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Burlington, MA / 492 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    This Porsche won't be on the lot long! It just arrived on our lot, and surely won't be here long! A turbocharger is also included as an economical mea...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1BA2AY7RDA50485
    Stock: RA50484A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-10-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 36,110 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Porsche Burlington (492 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Burlington, MA / 492 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    INSPECTION COMPLETED Every Herb Chambers Certified pre-owned vehicle receives a complete multi-point inspection by factory trained technicians who ins...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1BB2AY7NDA52033
    Stock: P9122
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 03-08-2025

    • 41,500 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Porsche South Shore (318 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Freeport, NY / 318 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    Porsche South Shore & McGovern Automotive Group is proud to present this....Certified. Jet Black Metallic 2022 Porsche Cayenne Coupe 3.0L V6 8-Speed A...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1BA2AY2NDA49074
    Stock: PN3431A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 01-24-2025

  • New Listing
    $129,900
    great price
    $11,719 below market
    • 1,595 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4 Seats
    • Land Rover of Chantilly (82 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Chantilly, VA / 82 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    * MSRP: $137,455.00 * Total Options: $25,710.00 * Exterior Color: Chalk, $2,840.00 * Interior Color: Leather Interior In Black/Bordeaux Red, $4,190.00...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1BL2AYXSDA39916
    Stock: A39916AN
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-14-2025

  • New Listing
    • 6,960 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Porsche Gold Coast (324 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Westbury, NY / 324 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1BA2AY0NDA48473
    Stock: NDA48473
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-18-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 23,079 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4 Seats, 15 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Porsche Silver Spring (110 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Silver Spring, MD / 110 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    JUST ARRIVED. PENDING INSPECTION. 2024 Porsche Cayenne Coupe S finished in Dolomite Silver Metallic w/ Black Leather Interior. Porsche Certified w/ a ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1BL2AY6RDA60921
    Stock: P50291A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-13-2025

    • 39,250 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Gravity Autos Roswell (427 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Roswell, GA / 427 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    14 Speakers,4-Wheel Disc Brakes, 8-Way Power Sport Seats, ABS brakes, Adaptive suspension, Air Conditioning, Alloy Wheels, AM/FM radio: SiriusXM, Appl...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1BA2AY2NDA49236
    Stock: CA49236
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-30-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 24,532 miles
    • Lemon reported, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • VINS (75 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Manassas Park, VA / 75 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    2022 Porsche Cayenne Coupe S Chalk 2.9L V6 Apple CarPlay, Auto-dimming Rear-View mirror, Navigation System, Wheels: 21" RS Spyder Design in Satin Plat...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: Yes

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1BB2AY0NDA52150
    Stock: 23114
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-08-2025

    • Not provided
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Porsche Gold Coast (324 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Westbury, NY / 324 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1BA2AY1RDA54692
    Stock: A54692
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-18-2025

  • Price Drop
    $67,999
    great price
    $10,826 below market
    • 26,410 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Mercedes-Benz of Kingsport (245 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Kingsport, TN / 245 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1BA2AY2PDA25618
    Stock: 45541
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-30-2025

  • New Listing
    • 26,668 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • INFINITI of Englewood (310 mi away)
    • Leather Seat Trim
    • Apple CarPlay
    • Remote keyless entry
    • Navigation System
    • Steering wheel mount...
    Close

    Located in Englewood, NJ / 310 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1BA2AY0NDA48585
    Stock: NDA48585
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-14-2025

  • $65,889
    great price
    $4,416 below market
    • 19,240 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Koeppel Nissan (309 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Jackson Heights, NY / 309 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    Welcome to Koeppel Nissan in Jackson Heights! Our expert team is ready to help you find the perfect certified pre-owned or used car. Browse our divers...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1BA2AY7PDA26036
    Stock: UN18558
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-23-2025

  • New Listing
    • 24,008 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 1,131 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1BA2AY7PDA26294
    Stock: 2003596844
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-25-2025

  • $66,495
    great price
    $4,857 below market
    • 60,146 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • World Class Motors (427 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Noblesville, IN / 427 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    2021 Porsche Cayenne Coupe GTS 4.0L V8 Carmine Red $3,150 * Black, Leather Seat Trim W/Leather Interior * Premium Package Plus * Ambient LightingL...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1BG2AY6MDA49608
    Stock: 4050
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-28-2024

  • Price Drop
    $128,899
    fair price
    $6,222 below market
    • 14,312 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 4 Seats
    • Porsche North Olmsted (297 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in North Olmsted, OH / 297 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    Never Titled/New car, ALL WHEEL DRIVE, BLUETOOTH HANDS FREE PHONE, CERTIFIED, HEATED AND COOLED SEATS, LEATHER, NAVIGATION, NO ACCIDENTS, PANORAMIC RO...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1BL2AY6SDA39153
    Stock: P4119
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-01-2025

  • New Listing
    $99,977
    good price
    $8,105 below market
    • 14,994 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Land Rover Monroeville (180 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Monroeville, PA / 180 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    CARFAX 1-Owner, GREAT MILES 14,991! Sunroof, Leather Seats, NAV, Alloy Wheels, Turbo, Panoramic Roof, All Wheel Drive. SHOP WITH CONFIDENCECARFAX 1-Ow...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1BG2AY1PDA32784
    Stock: 1665LB
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-04-2025

  • $137,888
    great price
    $6,980 below market
    • 35,005 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 4 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Unique Auto Mall (281 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in South Amboy, NJ / 281 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    This 2023 Porsche Cayenne Coupe 4dr Turbo GT features a 4.0L V8 8cyl engine. It is equipped with a 8 Speed Automatic transmission. The vehicle is Whit...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1BK2AY0PDA39370
    Stock: CPA39370
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-21-2025

    • 8,818 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Cherry Hill Porsche (226 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Cherry Hill, NJ / 226 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    Text PDA24044 to 96300 We have the best prices on all Porsche models..Recent Arrival! Low miles! **PORSCHE CERTIFIED** Clean CARFAX. 2023 Porsche Caye...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1BA2AY7PDA24044
    Stock: PU11025
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-01-2025

Showing 64 - 84 out of 291 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Porsche Cayenne Coupe

Read recent reviews for the Porsche Cayenne Coupe
Overall Consumer Rating
5 out of 5 stars4 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 4 reviews
  • 5 star
    (100%)
  • 4 star
    (0%)
  • 3 star
    (0%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
5 out of 5 stars

Functional and sporty

Sporty Mama, 01/03/2024
2020 Porsche Cayenne Coupe Turbo 4dr SUV AWD (4.0L 8cyl Turbo 8A)
I bought a 2020 Cayenne Coupe last month (December) and this is the first car I have ever purchased for myself. I am very happy with this vehicle so far. I needed something that would fit all three of my young kids who are in car seats but still be aesthetically pleasing. The back seat has room for all three car seats (Diono Radian 3R) and I don’t feel like the kids are breathing down my … neck. I’ve yet to really play around with sport mode but so far the drive is great.
Report abuse

Used 2024 Porsche Cayenne Coupe in Charlottesville, VA Values

Estimated values
2024 Porsche Cayenne Coupe 4dr SUV AWD (3.0L 6cyl Turbo 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$59,849$61,324$63,101
Clean$59,286$60,690$62,389
Average$58,349$59,632$61,202
Rough$57,130$58,258$59,659

The average list price of a used 2024 Porsche Cayenne Coupe in Charlottesville, Virginia is $86,799. The average mileage on a used Porsche Cayenne Coupe 2024 for sale in Charlottesville, Virginia is 20,096. Based on the average mileage of 20,096 for used 2024 Porsche Cayenne Coupe for sale in Charlottesville, VA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Porsche Cayenne Coupe 2024 in Charlottesville, Virginia to be $58,349.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

EV Details

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.