Skip to Filters
Report abuse
183 listings
Nissan ARIYA rebates in 37043Check your savings potential before you buy
Nissan ARIYA rebates in 37043
- EV Tax CreditCertain EVs and PHEVs may be eligible for a federal used EV tax credit up to $4,000. Buyer and car must qualify.$23,900great price$3,853 below market
- 10,971 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 267 - 291 mi est. range
- Outstanding battery score
- Newton Nissan (42 mi away)
Close
Located in Gallatin, TN / 42 miles away from Clarksville, TN
Certified. All Wheel Drive (AWD) | type of 4X4 system, Navigation System, Rear View Monitor (Backup Camera), Automatic Emergency Braking w/ Pedestrian...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
Listing Information:
VIN: JN1DF0BB0PM709967
Stock: P1666
Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
Listed since: 05-12-2025 - Price Drop$25,990great price$3,307 below market
- 3,272 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
- 282 - 306 mi est. range
- Outstanding battery score
- Carvana (In-stock online)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Indianapolis, IN / 234 miles away from Clarksville, TN
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
Listing Information:
VIN: JN1BF0BAXPM406533
Stock: 2003646000
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 04-18-2025 - New Listing$26,990great price$2,591 below market
- 14,478 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 262 - 285 mi est. range
- Outstanding battery score
- Carvana (In-stock online)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Oklahoma City, OK / 579 miles away from Clarksville, TN
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
Listing Information:
VIN: JN1DF0CD6PM710413
Stock: 2003658642
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 04-21-2025 - New Listing$26,590great price
- 15,036 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
- 258 - 283 mi est. range
- Outstanding battery score
- Carvana (In-stock online)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Dallas, TX / 599 miles away from Clarksville, TN
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
Listing Information:
VIN: JN1DF0CD0PM707216
Stock: 2003621353
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 04-10-2025 - New Listing$27,590great price
- 8,492 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
- 262 - 285 mi est. range
- Outstanding battery score
- Carvana (In-stock online)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in San Antonio, TX / 814 miles away from Clarksville, TN
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
Listing Information:
VIN: JN1DF0CD5PM704313
Stock: 2003639801
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 04-10-2025 - New Listing$25,590great price$2,541 below market
- 14,117 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
- 282 - 306 mi est. range
- Outstanding battery score
- Carvana (In-stock online)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Sacramento, CA / 1,869 miles away from Clarksville, TN
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
Listing Information:
VIN: JN1BF0BA5PM410344
Stock: 2003656562
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 04-20-2025 - New Listing$25,590good price$1,282 below market
- 10,245 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
- 282 - 306 mi est. range
- Excellent battery score
- Carvana (In-stock online)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Chicago, IL / 392 miles away from Clarksville, TN
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
Listing Information:
VIN: JN1DF0BB8PM705424
Stock: 2003628495
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 04-09-2025 - $26,308good price$3,498 below market
- 5,512 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 211 - 238 mi est. range
- Outstanding battery score
- Collins Nissan (146 mi away)
Close
Located in Louisville, KY / 146 miles away from Clarksville, TN
CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX.Certified. Gun Metallic 2023 Nissan Ariya ENGAGE FWD CVT Electric MotorOdometer is 7391 miles below market average! 109...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
Listing Information:
VIN: JN1AF0BA9PM404591
Stock: UN2437
Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
Listed since: 01-24-2024 - New Listing$28,590good price$1,988 below market
- 8,375 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 262 - 285 mi est. range
- Outstanding battery score
- Carvana (In-stock online)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Oklahoma City, OK / 579 miles away from Clarksville, TN
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
Listing Information:
VIN: JN1DF0CD9PM710924
Stock: 2003676832
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 05-02-2025 - New Listing$28,000great price$3,884 below market
- 21,710 miles
- 261 - 288 mi est. range
- Outstanding battery score
- Driveway (In-stock online)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Las Vegas, NV / 1,553 miles away from Clarksville, TN
CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,High Demand,Green Vehicle,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Fre...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.
Features and Specs:
Listing Information:
VIN: JN1DF0CD4PM707042
Stock: N707042CD
Certified Pre-Owned: No - New Listing$27,990great price
- 12,629 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
- 262 - 285 mi est. range
- Outstanding battery score
- Carvana (In-stock online)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Dallas, TX / 599 miles away from Clarksville, TN
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
Listing Information:
VIN: JN1DF0CD6PM709973
Stock: 2003640005
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 04-10-2025 - New Listing$27,590good price
- 12,814 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
- 262 - 285 mi est. range
- Outstanding battery score
- Carvana (In-stock online)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Dallas, TX / 599 miles away from Clarksville, TN
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
Listing Information:
VIN: JN1DF0CD0PM708852
Stock: 2003676827
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 04-25-2025 - New Listing$27,990good price$1,770 below market
- 13,301 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 262 - 285 mi est. range
- Outstanding battery score
- Carvana (In-stock online)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Oklahoma City, OK / 579 miles away from Clarksville, TN
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
Listing Information:
VIN: JN1DF0CD1PM709749
Stock: 2003658639
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 04-23-2025 - Price Drop$27,590good price$1,475 below market
- 21,379 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
- 262 - 285 mi est. range
- Outstanding battery score
- Carvana (In-stock online)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Indianapolis, IN / 234 miles away from Clarksville, TN
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
Listing Information:
VIN: JN1DF0CD3PM707808
Stock: 2003624476
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 04-07-2025 - New Listing$26,590fair price$1,775 below market
- 18,093 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
- 283 - 305 mi est. range
- Outstanding battery score
- Carvana (In-stock online)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Oklahoma City, OK / 579 miles away from Clarksville, TN
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
Listing Information:
VIN: JN1BF0BA8PM402691
Stock: 2003676969
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 04-28-2025 - New Listing$25,590fair price$1,579 below market
- 26,976 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
- 282 - 306 mi est. range
- Outstanding battery score
- Carvana (In-stock online)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Phoenix, AZ / 1,415 miles away from Clarksville, TN
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
Listing Information:
VIN: JN1BF0BA4PM405281
Stock: 2003656326
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 04-20-2025 - New Listing$26,990good price
- 18,399 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
- 262 - 284 mi est. range
- Outstanding battery score
- Carvana (In-stock online)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Dallas, TX / 599 miles away from Clarksville, TN
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
Listing Information:
VIN: JN1DF0CD6PM705325
Stock: 2003676829
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 04-28-2025 - Price Drop$26,590fair price$171 below market
- 7,667 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
- 282 - 306 mi est. range
- Outstanding battery score
- Carvana (In-stock online)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Indianapolis, IN / 234 miles away from Clarksville, TN
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
Listing Information:
VIN: JN1DF0BB9PM709479
Stock: 2003624363
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 04-28-2025 - New Listing$25,590fair price$454 below market
- 5,522 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
- 267 - 291 mi est. range
- Outstanding battery score
- Carvana (In-stock online)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Indianapolis, IN / 234 miles away from Clarksville, TN
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
Listing Information:
VIN: JN1DF0BB6PM707771
Stock: 2003624359
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 04-16-2025 - EV Tax CreditCertain EVs and PHEVs may be eligible for a federal used EV tax credit up to $4,000. Buyer and car must qualify.$23,990fair price$223 above market
- 17,881 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
- 208 - 232 mi est. range
- Outstanding battery score
- Carvana (In-stock online)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Atlanta, GA / 244 miles away from Clarksville, TN
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
Listing Information:
VIN: JN1AF0BA6PM404581
Stock: 2003732099
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 05-14-2025 - New Listing$25,590fair price$391 below market
- 15,274 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
- 282 - 305 mi est. range
- Outstanding battery score
- Carvana (In-stock online)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Oklahoma City, OK / 579 miles away from Clarksville, TN
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
Listing Information:
VIN: JN1BF0BA4PM404115
Stock: 2003676968
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 04-28-2025
Showing 22 - 42 out of 183 listings
Consumer Reviews for the Nissan ARIYA
Read recent reviews for the Nissan ARIYA
Comfortable, quick, quiet and feature-packed!
Peter R., 05/17/2023
2023 Nissan ARIYA Engage 4dr SUV (electric DD)
The trim levels are a bit confusing, but if you're looking to get the most value for your money, I would go with the Engage version. It stickers at $44K, has 216 miles of range and includes: heated front and rear seats, heated steering wheel, heads-up display, radar adaptive cruise control, front and rear parking sensors, power folding outside mirrors and much more! It also has a … pretty decent sound system. I really enjoyed driving it, finding the Ariya to be quiet, comfortable and fun to drive. I think Nissan did a great job with this car. My only caveat is that the top-end Platinum e-4orce stickers at $63K, which is a lot of money, especially compared to other similar cars from Audi, BMW, Hyundai, Genesis and Volvo.
6/5/23 UPDATE: Well, I bought my Ariya Engage in Deep Ocean Blue with the Light Gray interior and I couldn't be happier! I did my research and test drove most of the competitors. Here are the ones I drove with a brief impression: BMW i4 - beautiful car, but about $10K more than the Ariya and a little too low to the ground for me, Ford Mustang Mach-E - very nice with a great sound system, but seats were a little difficult to adjust and I didn't like the all-glass roof that has no sun shade, Hyundai Ioniq5 - beautiful car that would have been my choice except for the lower seating position, and the firm seat back bolsters that pressed into my back, Kia EV6 - very nice, but the interior felt cramped due to the low roofline, Kia Niro - another nice car but too much piano black plastic in the interior and a somewhat jittery ride, Toyota bZ4x - nice car, but the interior had a lot of cheap looking black plastic, and the instrument pod obscures part of the windshield, VW id.4 - poorly designed controls, and slow screen response, with more copious black plastic in the interior. Back to the Ariya: I've been seeing a range of 240 miles on a full charge, which is higher than the EPA rating of 216 miles. The car is beautiful to look at, inside and out, and is so comfortable to drive. The interior ambient lighting is soothing and pretty, designed to resemble a Japanese lantern, very different from the ambient lighting in other cars. The seats have a number of adjustments and are very comfortable. The sound system is excellent, better than I expected! I really like the power operated center console that allows us shorter drivers (I'm 5'8") to find a comfortable position for the center armrest. The car has lots of tech features and many adjustments, but it's not overwhelming. Spend some time with the owner's manual and you'll be glad you did. I highly recommend the Ariya!
09/05/23 UPDATE: Well, three months later, and I'm still loving my Ariya! I'm really impressed with the efficiency: consistently using e-Step and ECO mode, I've been seeing a predicted range of 250-272 miles, which is outstanding considering the car is rated by the EPA at 216 miles. I've heard of other EVs not meeting their EPA range estimates, but that hasn't been the case with the Ariya. This car is so quiet and comfortable that it is my "go-to" car, despite the fact that I also have a new Mercedes GLC. So, after living with the car for three months, I have noticed a few annoyances, all minor. First, the driver's door armrest is VERY low on the door and creates an awkward driving position if you use both the driver's door and the center armrests. Second, the light at the charging port faces outward rather than facing the charging doors, so in some conditions, it's difficult to see the port. Third, and lastly, I wish Nissan had darkened the rear door windows, as do almost all other SUVs. It would make the car cooler on hot, sunny days, and it enhances the appearance. Those are my gripes. Otherwise, I'm still very happy with my Ariya and always look forward to driving it!
05/30/24 Update: One year and 7K miles later and I still love my Ariya! I recently brought it to the Nissan dealer for its one-year maintenance, which basically consisted of rotating the tires, at no charge. Overall, this car has been problem-free and dependable. A few times, the infotainment screen has gone blank, but it only lasts for a few seconds and then it comes back. I only charge it at home and have not taken it on any long road trips. As for range, in the warmer months, I see a predicted range of 260-280 miles (283 was the highest), and in the colder months, it drops to 180-200, still not bad considering it is EPA rated at 216 miles of range. After a year of owning this wonderful car, I still see very few on the road here in MA, which is probably due to low sales. People should really drive this car to experience how comfortable, quiet, responsive and substantial it is, before buying an id.4, Ioniq5, Mach-e, or other similar EV. Nissan recently lowered the prices on the Ariya, so that should help increase sales. I'm really happy with this car and can't recommend it highly enough!
5/31/25 UPDATE: Two years and 10K miles later and I'm still loving my Ariya! I have not had any problems or issues, so there hasn't been any down time. No rattles or other indication that the build quality has degraded in any way. It's still very quiet, comfortable and efficient. Some of my favorite features, other than the ones I've already mentioned: the welcome lighting as you approach the car, the auto up/down window switches on all four windows, the excellent headlights that illuminate the road ahead but don't seem to be blinding to oncoming cars. I've never had anyone flash their lights at me, and there is even a headlight leveling adjustment on the dash. Dislikes: other than the few I've already mentioned, the one thing I will concede is that the ride can be choppy and unsettled on rough roads. Otherwise, I'm still very happy with my Ariya!
Used 2023 Nissan ARIYA in Clarksville, TN Values
Estimated values
2023 Nissan ARIYA Engage+ e-4ORCE 4dr SUV AWD (electric DD) with no options
| Condition | Trade-In | Private Party | Dealer Retail |
|---|---|---|---|
| Outstanding | $32,366 | $34,246 | $36,364 |
| Clean | $31,975 | $33,761 | $35,774 |
| Average | $31,324 | $32,952 | $34,789 |
| Rough | $30,477 | $31,901 | $33,510 |
The average list price of a used 2023 Nissan ARIYA in Clarksville, Tennessee is $26,535. The average mileage on a used Nissan ARIYA 2023 for sale in Clarksville, Tennessee is 13,435. Based on the average mileage of 13,435 for used 2023 Nissan ARIYA for sale in Clarksville, TN and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Nissan ARIYA 2023 in Clarksville, Tennessee to be $31,324.
Filters
Skip to ResultsApplied Filters4Active
Make & Model
Year
New / Used
Price & Payments
Price Rating
Body Type
Trim
Mileage
Accidents & History
EV Details
Engine & Drivetrain
Exterior Color
Interior Color
Total Seating
Edmunds Review
Features
Options & Packages
* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.