Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
526 listings
  • $33,590
    fair price
    $419 above market
    • 16,011 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 586 miles away from Aurora, CO

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6JJTAG5ML576306
    Stock: 2003700959
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-07-2025

  • New Listing
    $32,990
    good price
    $2,875 below market
    • 55,243 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 1,348 miles away from Aurora, CO

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6HJTFG6ML528756
    Stock: 2003722860
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-09-2025

  • Price Drop
    $33,932
    fair price
    $1,552 below market
    • 32,541 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 584 miles away from Aurora, CO

    Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Keyless Start,Remote Start,Satellite Radio,V6 Cylinder Engine,Power Door Locks,Satellite Radi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6JJTEG0ML616673
    Stock: ML616673T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Know your buying power

    Shop smarter by knowing your car’s value.

    Appraise my car
  • $43,998
    fair price
    $607 below market
    • 16,480 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TN to CO*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Memphis, TN / 883 miles away from Aurora, CO

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6JJTEG9ML545425
    Stock: 27217814
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $32,251
    good price
    $3,382 below market
    • 69,350 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • Flower Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (187 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Montrose, CO / 187 miles away from Aurora, CO

    CARFAX One-Owner.1-Year SiriusXM Guardian Trial, 240 Amp Alternator, 5-Year SiriusXM Traffic Service, 5-Year SiriusXM Travel Link Service, 8.4" Radio ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6HJTFGXML538173
    Stock: 86560
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-24-2025

  • New Listing
    $35,998
    good price
    $2,500 below market
    • 39,988 miles
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NV to CO*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Upgraded Stereo
    Close

    Located in Las Vegas, NV / 617 miles away from Aurora, CO

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6JJTEG5ML590586
    Stock: 27262919
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 27,961 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Temecula, CA / 805 miles away from Aurora, CO

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Low Mileage,Rare Find,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Keyless Start,Satellite Radio,To...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6HJTAG1ML571151
    Stock: ML571151P
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes

  • New Listing
    $32,995
    good price
    $3,021 below market
    • 23,769 miles
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • John Roberts Motor Works (141 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Gunnison, CO / 141 miles away from Aurora, CO

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6HJTAG3ML556473
    Stock: 556473
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-09-2025

  • New Listing
    $23,999
    fair price
    $205 below market
    • 96,388 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • Green Light Auto Sales (58 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Colorado Springs, CO / 58 miles away from Aurora, CO

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6HJTAG1ML537498
    Stock: 24348A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $32,990
    fair price
    $1,475 below market
    • 43,547 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 988 miles away from Aurora, CO

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6HJTFG6ML609689
    Stock: 2003699862
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-07-2025

  • New Listing
    $28,998
    good price
    $3,370 below market
    • 30,166 miles
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from DE to CO*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Newark, DE / 1,539 miles away from Aurora, CO

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6HJTAG1ML535833
    Stock: 26671594
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $34,998
    fair price
    $1,212 below market
    • 34,981 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5'0” bed, 3l, 6cyl
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from LA to CO*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Kenner, LA / 1,062 miles away from Aurora, CO

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6JJTAMXML554873
    Stock: 27291720
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $28,888
    fair price
    $1,485 below market
    • 29,133 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • Jake Sweeney Express (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 1,082 miles away from Aurora, CO

    Jake Sweeney Is Here to Help! If you are in need of a new or used vehicle, we are offering you the ability to shop online and have your vehicle delive...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6HJTAG6ML510538
    Stock: D79844
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-14-2025

  • New Listing
    $32,590
    good price
    $2,315 below market
    • 14,579 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 1,468 miles away from Aurora, CO

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6HJTAG3ML533338
    Stock: 2003427760
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-17-2025

  • Price Drop
    $31,990
    good price
    $3,011 below market
    • 30,144 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Springfield, VA / 1,473 miles away from Aurora, CO

    CarFax 1-Owner,Rare Find,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Start,Remote Start,Satellite Radio,V6 Cylind...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6HJTFG2ML520217
    Stock: SM105163A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $29,998
    fair price
    $926 below market
    • 50,146 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Torrance, CA / 853 miles away from Aurora, CO

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Rare Find,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Keyless Start,Satellite Radio,HD Radio,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6HJTAG2ML511346
    Stock: ML511346A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $36,211
    fair price
    $275 below market
    • 10,367 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Yorkville, NY / 1,540 miles away from Aurora, CO

    CarFax 1-Owner,Low Mileage,Rare Find,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Start,Navigat...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6HJTFG8ML608088
    Stock: D608088P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $34,998
    fair price
    $1,568 below market
    • 40,585 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from FL to CO*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, FL / 1,464 miles away from Aurora, CO

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6HJTFG2ML548566
    Stock: 27307908
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $27,998
    fair price
    $1,192 below market
    • 51,638 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from IL to CO*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Schaumburg, IL / 887 miles away from Aurora, CO

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6HJTAG0ML624373
    Stock: 27059044
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 40,596 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MO to CO*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Saint Peters, MO / 762 miles away from Aurora, CO

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6HJTAG0ML613728
    Stock: 26895508
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $31,980
    fair price
    $509 above market
    • 40,943 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Reno, NV / 798 miles away from Aurora, CO

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Rare Find,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Keyless Start,Satellite Radio,V6 Cylinder En...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6HJTAG9ML518147
    Stock: ML518147C
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes

Showing 337 - 357 out of 526 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Jeep Gladiator

Read recent reviews for the Jeep Gladiator
Overall Consumer Rating
4.1 out of 5 stars38 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 38 reviews
  • 5 star
    (68%)
  • 4 star
    (11%)
  • 3 star
    (0%)
  • 2 star
    (5%)
  • 1 star
    (16%)
5 out of 5 stars

Perfect for me

Dan Hirvi, 04/22/2022
2022 Jeep Gladiator Sport S 4dr Crew Cab 4WD SB (3.6L 6cyl 6M)
I highly recommend the Sport S with the Max Tow Package. Torquey and smooth, the automatic 8-speed transmission is pretty nice with the trusty 3.6 L V6. It's a real hauler or puller when I need it, it's articulation is great for some off road adventures and is comfortable on the highway. Plus, the sticker on my door has a rated payload of 1465 lbs! Don't let them tell you it's not "Jeep" … enough or it's not "truck" enough or it's not comfy enough. Get the customer preferred package with hard top and stick with the M+S rated all terrains for smooth and quiet daily driving. This is a perfect niche vehicle for some people!
Report abuse

Used 2021 Jeep Gladiator in Aurora, CO Values

Estimated values
2021 Jeep Gladiator Sport S 4dr Crew Cab 4WD SB (3.6L 6cyl 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$25,141$27,178$29,224
Clean$24,746$26,728$28,715
Average$24,087$25,978$27,869
Rough$23,230$25,003$26,768

The average list price of a used 2021 Jeep Gladiator in Aurora, Colorado is $32,685. The average mileage on a used Jeep Gladiator 2021 for sale in Aurora, Colorado is 37,836. Based on the average mileage of 37,836 for used 2021 Jeep Gladiator for sale in Aurora, CO and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Jeep Gladiator 2021 in Aurora, Colorado to be $24,087.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Truck Details

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.