Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
325 listings
  • Price Drop
    $32,797
    good price
    $1,678 below market
    • 15,928 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Tom Kadlec Honda (285 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Rochester, MN / 285 miles away from Fargo, ND

    Cadillac XT4 Sport 2.0L I4 Turbocharged Clean Vehicle History Report, 4.2" Diagonal Color Display Driver Info Center, 6-Way Power Passenger Seat Adjus...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYFZFR40PF174807
    Stock: P11816
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-02-2025

  • New Listing
    $32,998
    good price
    $1,890 below market
    • 13,994 miles
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Walser Hyundai (204 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Brooklyn Park, MN / 204 miles away from Fargo, ND

    *Additional $500 in savings available!*Take advantage of $500 in down payment assistance when you finance through Ally Financial! This exclusive offer...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYFZDR49PF166337
    Stock: 9H1403T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-06-2025

  • $29,000
    good price
    $2,669 below market
    • 26,359 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Gregg Young Chevrolet GMC Atlantic (388 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Atlantic, IA / 388 miles away from Fargo, ND

    Our 2023 Cadillac XT4 Premium Luxury AWD can elevate your driving with an elegant Argent Silver Metallic design! Powered by a TurboCharged 2.0 Liter 4...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYFZDR42PF174747
    Stock: 10U1738
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-28-2025

  • $28,199
    fair price
    $652 below market
    • 43,137 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Walser Nissan Coon Rapids (201 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Coon Rapids, MN / 201 miles away from Fargo, ND

    *Additional $500 in savings available!*Take advantage of $500 in down payment assistance when you finance through Ally Financial! This exclusive offer...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYFZDR42PF174649
    Stock: 7N1259P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-16-2025

  • Price Drop
    $29,500
    fair price
    $113 below market
    • 25,396 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Gregg Young Buick/GMC (411 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Indianola, IA / 411 miles away from Fargo, ND

    When you own our **Accident Free**2023**Cadillac**XT4**Luxury**AWD**Apple CarPlay/Android Auto**Rear Camera** in Crystal White Tricoat, you're on your...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYFZBR42PF119946
    Stock: M3007
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-28-2025

  • $25,288
    fair price
    $696 above market
    • 50,140 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Atwater Aitkin Chevrolet GMC (148 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Aitkin, MN / 148 miles away from Fargo, ND

    Clean CARFAX.2-Way Driver Seat Power Lumbar Control, 2-Way Passenger Seat Power Lumbar Control, 3.47 Axle Ratio, 4-Wheel Disc Brakes, 4.2 Diagonal Col...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYFZDR49PF148873
    Stock: 1843
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-17-2024

  • Price Drop
    $25,899
    fair price
    $268 above market
    • 43,579 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Ryan Cadillac (183 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Buffalo, MN / 183 miles away from Fargo, ND

    Introducing a meticulously maintained 2023 Cadillac XT4 Premium Luxury, a recent lease return with only one previous owner and a clean vehicle history...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYFZDR43PF159819
    Stock: B0240
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-12-2025

  • $30,620
    fair price
    $689 above market
    • 14,580 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Forest Lake Ford (212 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Forest Lake, MN / 212 miles away from Fargo, ND

    2023 Cadillac XT4 Luxury AWD 9-Speed Automatic 2.0L I4 Turbocharged Stellar Black MetallicThis vehicle is well-equipped and has many features includin...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYFZBR41PF141422
    Stock: FP1291
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-18-2025

  • New Listing
    • 10,380 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax Milwaukee (498 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Milwaukee, WI / 498 miles away from Fargo, ND

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYFZBR41PF172119
    Stock: 27107295
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 33,089 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax Brooklyn Park (205 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Brooklyn Park, MN / 205 miles away from Fargo, ND

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYFZFR4XPF104568
    Stock: 27015377
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $34,596
    great price
    $4,282 below market
    • 23,609 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Ryan Cadillac (183 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Buffalo, MN / 183 miles away from Fargo, ND

    This 2024 Cadillac XT4 Premium Luxury AWD is the perfect fusion of luxury, advanced technology, and all-weather performance. With one previous owner, ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYFZDR49RF147791
    Stock: B0160
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 01-02-2025

  • $44,764
    fair price
    $329 below market
    • 7,682 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Frankman Motor Company (234 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Sioux Falls, SD / 234 miles away from Fargo, ND

    Certification Program Details: This vehicle comes with our Frankman Certified 8 Point 3 Month/3,000 Mile Warranty at no additional charge. This warran...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYFZFR47RF192773
    Stock: 192773
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-27-2025

  • Price Drop
    $29,000
    fair price
    $250 below market
    • 20,707 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Gregg Young Chevrolet of Omaha (389 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Omaha, NE / 389 miles away from Fargo, ND

    You won't miss a beat in our **Accident Free**2022**Cadillac**XT4**Luxury**AWD**Apple CarPlay/Android Auto**Rear Camera** that embodies the brand's be...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYFZBR4XNF164534
    Stock: A22142
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-16-2025

  • $38,764
    fair price
    $1,143 above market
    • 20,047 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Atwater Aitkin Chevrolet GMC (148 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Aitkin, MN / 148 miles away from Fargo, ND

    CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX.** CLEAN CARFAX **, ** ONE OWNER **, ** Leather Seats **, 3.47 Axle Ratio, 4-Way Driver Seat Power Lumbar Control, 4-Wa...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYFZDR4XRF131762
    Stock: 1822
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-22-2024

  • New Listing
    $43,618
    fair price
    $1,208 above market
    • 6,930 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Bergstrom Auto (452 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Green Bay, WI / 452 miles away from Fargo, ND

    2024 Cadillac XT4 Premium Luxury AWD Argent Silver Metallic 9-Speed Automatic 2.0L I4 Turbocharged Clean Carfax, 1 Owner, Cadillac Certified Pre-Owned...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYFZDR42RF162066
    Stock: A4127
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-23-2025

    • 20,179 miles
    • Rebuilt vehicle reported, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • The Internet Car Lot (393 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Omaha, NE / 393 miles away from Fargo, ND

    Please note that this vehicle has a branded title. Check out this very nice 2024 Cadillac XT4 Premium Luxury! This vehicle looks and drives great! It ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYFZCR49RF151866
    Stock: 151866W7138J
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 25,248 miles
    • Manufacturer buyback reported, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Victory Chevrolet (489 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Savannah, MO / 489 miles away from Fargo, ND

    2022 Cadillac XT4 Premium Luxury Crystal White Tricoat** ORIGINAL MSRP ** $44,185** TOTAL OPTIONS ** $3,395OPTIONS & PRICINGENHANCED VISIB...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYFZCR44NF161179
    Stock: B161179
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-28-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 19,476 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Lake Country Toyota (125 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Baxter, MN / 125 miles away from Fargo, ND

    *Additional $500 in savings available!*Take advantage of $500 in down payment assistance when you finance through Ally Financial! This exclusive offer...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYFZDR4XRF211885
    Stock: 10T1122P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-22-2025

  • Price Drop
    $25,498
    good price
    $2,664 below market
    • 46,386 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Hamilton, NJ / 1,197 miles away from Fargo, ND

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Rare Find,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Keyless Start,Lane K...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYFZCR44PF199062
    Stock: PF199062U
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $25,221
    good price
    $2,665 below market
    • 49,199 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • RubyCar - Boston (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in North Dighton, MA / 1,307 miles away from Fargo, ND

    RubyCar by Avis is a national online retailer that allows you to shop thousands of high-quality, single-owner vehicles online, delivered straight to y...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYFZCR49PF198909
    Stock: 52182513
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-27-2025

  • New Listing
    $29,900
    good price
    $3,529 below market
    • 4,522 miles
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Dahl Chevrolet Buick GMC (316 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Winona, MN / 316 miles away from Fargo, ND

    2023 Galactic Gray Metallic Cadillac XT4 Premium Luxury 2.0L I4 Turbocharged For sale at DAHL Chevrolet Buick GMC in Winona Minnesota., The standout f...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYFZDR4XPF196253
    Stock: 5PB2328
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-06-2025

;
Showing 1 - 21 out of 325 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Cadillac XT4

Read recent reviews for the Cadillac XT4
Overall Consumer Rating
3.8 out of 5 stars34 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 34 reviews
  • 5 star
    (53%)
  • 4 star
    (12%)
  • 3 star
    (12%)
  • 2 star
    (9%)
  • 1 star
    (15%)
5 out of 5 stars

Really happy with it

BryanSolo, 08/23/2022
2022 Cadillac XT4 Premium Luxury 4dr SUV (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 9A)
Unlike professional car reviewers I don't drive dozens of vehicles every year so I can't compare this car to any other car, all I know is that it's very comfortable, looks good, handles pretty good, and has enough power to get me around town. It's quiet enough that front seat and back seat passengers can carry on a conversation at highway speeds. I like everything about this car, the … seats are perfect, there's plenty of room inside, and the cargo area is spacious enough for me. I love the panoramic sunroof and the massage seats. Even the base stereo sounds pretty good. Hard to find some things to dislike, but I wish the gauges were a little more upscale, and the infotainment screen seems kind of small. Other than that, I'm really pleased with this car and hope to keep it for many years.
Report abuse

Used 2023 Cadillac XT4 in Fargo, ND Values

Estimated values
2023 Cadillac XT4 Sport 4dr SUV AWD (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 9A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$27,182$28,234$29,416
Clean$26,876$27,893$29,038
Average$26,366$27,325$28,408
Rough$25,702$26,587$27,588

The average list price of a used 2023 Cadillac XT4 in Fargo, North Dakota is $32,045. The average mileage on a used Cadillac XT4 2023 for sale in Fargo, North Dakota is 24,789. Based on the average mileage of 24,789 for used 2023 Cadillac XT4 for sale in Fargo, ND and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Cadillac XT4 2023 in Fargo, North Dakota to be $26,366.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.