Skip to FiltersReport abuse
1,105 listings
- 8,486 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
- Driveway (In-stock online)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Fort Lauderdale, FL / 627 miles away from Inman, SC
CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Low Mileage,Rare Find,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Li...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WA1ABAFY4P2145729
Stock: TDP2145729
Certified Pre-Owned: No- 8,507 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 5 Seats, 22 City / 29 Hwy MPG
- Carvana (In-stock online)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Kansas City, MO / 743 miles away from Inman, SC
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
25 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WA1EAAFY5P2017925
Stock: 2003919317
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 08-15-2025- New Listing$37,999fair price$220 below market
- 32,111 miles
- 5 Seats, 22 City / 29 Hwy MPG
- Audi of Winston Salem (123 mi away)
Close
Located in Winston Salem, NC / 123 miles away from Inman, SC
Flow Audi of Winston Salem is honored to offer this terrific 2023 Audi Q5 Gray Metallic 45 S line Prestige with the following features:3 DAY/300 MILE ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.
Features and Specs:
25 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WA1FAAFY8P2076035
Stock: BD7812A
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 08-26-2025 - $24,200fair price$649 above market
- 69,885 miles
- 1 accident, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
- 5 Seats, 23 City / 28 Hwy MPG
- Hudson Nissan of Charleston (196 mi away)
Close
Located in Charleston, SC / 196 miles away from Inman, SC
2021 Audi Q5 45 Premium quattro quattro 2.0L Turbocharged CARFAX One-Owner. 23/28 City/Highway MPG Premium Package, Power Panoramic Roof, Blind Spot W...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: No
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WA1AAAFY4M2086194
Stock: AM2086194
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 08-06-2025 - New Listing
- 13,268 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
- CarMax (In-stock online)
- Transfer available from PA to SC*
Close
Located in Easton, PA / 537 miles away from Inman, SC
CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WA1ABAFY4P2054203
Stock: 27460831
Certified Pre-Owned: No - New Listing$34,590fair price$459 above market
- 14,798 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
- 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
- Carvana (In-stock online)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Sacramento, CA / 2,176 miles away from Inman, SC
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WA1ABAFY6P2021171
Stock: 2003995785
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 08-22-2025 - 21,029 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 5 Seats, 22 City / 29 Hwy MPG
- Audi Northlake (72 mi away)
Close
Located in Charlotte, NC / 72 miles away from Inman, SC
FUEL EFFICIENT 29 MPG Hwy/22 MPG City! CARFAX 1-Owner, Dealer Certified, Excellent Condition, LOW MILES - 21,029! Heated Leather Seats, Sunroof, NAV, ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
25 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WA1EAAFY0P2064117
Stock: P64117
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 08-20-2025- 13,906 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
- 5 Seats, 22 City / 29 Hwy MPG
- CarMax (In-stock online)
- Transfer available from MS to SC*
Close
Located in Jackson, MS / 500 miles away from Inman, SC
CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: Yes
Features and Specs:
25 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WA1EAAFY6P2032675
Stock: 27218948
Certified Pre-Owned: No- Price Drop$36,990fair price$428 below market
- 17,843 miles
- No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
- 5 Seats, 22 City / 29 Hwy MPG
- Carvana (In-stock online)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Sacramento, CA / 2,176 miles away from Inman, SC
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
25 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WA1EAAFYXP2019783
Stock: 2003873082
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 08-05-2025 - New Listing
- 18,288 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 5 Seats, 22 City / 29 Hwy MPG
- Audi North Atlanta (146 mi away)
Close
Located in Roswell, GA / 146 miles away from Inman, SC
RECALL NOTICE: Some vehicles offered for sale may be subject to unrepaired manufacturer safety recalls. To determine the recall status of a vehicle, v...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
25 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WA1GAAFY1P2152358
Stock: COA250231A
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 08-20-2025 - 21,989 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 5 Seats, 23 City / 28 Hwy MPG
- CarMax Roswell (147 mi away)
Close
Located in Roswell, GA / 147 miles away from Inman, SC
CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WA1AAAFYXM2075989
Stock: 27471336
Certified Pre-Owned: No- New Listing$33,107fair price$564 above market
- 23,883 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
- Driveway (In-stock online)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Fort Lauderdale, FL / 627 miles away from Inman, SC
CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Rare Find,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heate...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WA1ABAFY5P2083449
Stock: SPP2083449
Certified Pre-Owned: No - $34,123fair price$139 below market
- 24,659 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 5 Seats, 22 City / 29 Hwy MPG
- Driveway (In-stock online)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Fort Lauderdale, FL / 627 miles away from Inman, SC
CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Rare Find,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heate...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
25 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WA1GAAFY9P2039323
Stock: SPP2039323
Certified Pre-Owned: No - 25,424 miles
- No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
- 5 Seats, 22 City / 29 Hwy MPG
- Carvana (In-stock online)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in San Antonio, TX / 1,034 miles away from Inman, SC
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
25 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WA1EAAFY2P2148617
Stock: 2003925847
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 08-17-2025- 27,375 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 5 Seats, 22 City / 29 Hwy MPG
- Audi Atlanta (150 mi away)
Close
Located in Atlanta, GA / 150 miles away from Inman, SC
2023 Audi Q5 S line 45 TFSI quattro Daytona Gray Pearl Effect on Black With Rock Gray Stitching Leather UpholsteryFinished in Daytona Gray Pearl Effec...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
25 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WA1EAAFY8P2155880
Stock: LR24257
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 08-15-2025- 57,050 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
- 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
- Team Morganton Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (49 mi away)
Close
Located in Morganton, NC / 49 miles away from Inman, SC
**TEAM CERTIFIED PRE OWNED**, 10 Speakers, 4-Wheel Disc Brakes, ABS brakes, Alloy wheels, Auto High-beam Headlights, Auto-dimming Rear-View mirror, Au...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WA1BBAFY1P2043289
Stock: MP1766
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 02-19-2025- $31,998fair price$400 above market
- 29,162 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
- CarMax (In-stock online)
- Transfer available from CA to SC*
Close
Located in Pleasant Hill, CA / 2,214 miles away from Inman, SC
CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WA1ABAFY8P2081016
Stock: 27504736
Certified Pre-Owned: No - New Listing$22,900great price$1,677 below market
- 80,822 miles
- 5 Seats, 23 City / 28 Hwy MPG
- Autosphere Georgia (130 mi away)
Close
Located in Buford, GA / 130 miles away from Inman, SC
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.
Features and Specs:
25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WA1CAAFY5M2029219
Stock: 029219
Certified Pre-Owned: No - New Listing
- 28,924 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
- 5 Seats, 22 City / 29 Hwy MPG
- Carvana (In-stock online)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Dallas, TX / 857 miles away from Inman, SC
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
25 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WA1EAAFY2P2003223
Stock: 2004003953
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 08-22-2025 - 12 miles
- No accidents, personal use only
- 5 Seats, 22 City / 30 Hwy MPG
- Audi Augusta (107 mi away)
Close
Located in Martinez, GA / 107 miles away from Inman, SC
Discover refined luxury and dynamic performance in this Certified 2025 Audi Q5 2.0T Premium quattro, finished in the sophisticated Tambora Gray Metall...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WA11AAGUXS2026378
Stock: 233106SL
Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
Listed since: 05-31-2025- 27,282 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 5 Seats, 22 City / 29 Hwy MPG
- Driveway (In-stock online)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Maplewood, MN / 907 miles away from Inman, SC
CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Apple CarPlay,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Heated Steering W...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
25 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WA1FAAFYXP2014815
Stock: P2014815M
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Showing 211 - 231 out of 1,105 listings
Consumer Reviews for the Audi Q5
Read recent reviews for the Audi Q5
Lots of pluses, technology problems still occur.
Gyroguy, 01/15/2023
2023 Audi Q5 Prestige 4dr SUV AWD w/40 TFSI (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 7AM)
We now have 17,000 miles on our new Audi. We've done two trips to Florida and back, and averaged anywhere between 27.5 and 29.5mpg over the two trips.
The seats are comfortable, vision is good all around, the media screen is easy to read, heated steering wheel is a real bonus, and the sound system is great. There is plenty of room for 4 people comfortably, and their luggage. The rear … hatch opens with a slight swing of your foot under the rear bumper. The adaptive cruise control is great, once you figure out how to disable the predictive braking. The console storage compartment is is difficult to use, as the charging station platform blocks access to the storage, unless you remove your drinks from the cupholders, and then slide the charging station forward.
Since I do the majority of the driving on this car, I really appreciated the navigation system's traffic updates, as they were almost as accurate as Google maps were, and I didn't have to bother to connect to my phone each time we got in the car. Although the Audi media system can accept multiple phones being connected to it, unless you are the primary phone, it is very difficult to get your phone connected to the system. My wife would have to shut off her phone, then I could connect to the system.
There is one big surprise coming for all new model Audi owners, though: when your free Sirius/XM/Traffic update subscription expires, you lose access to several perks wrapped up in the Connect App. The biggest for me was the inability to have Sirius activate their Traffic update upgrade to my account, due to Audi restricting access to that function. The only way you can return that function to your Audi is to pay a minimum of $365 per year for the Connect app! So now, for traffic, you either pay that ridiculous fee, or resort to using Carplay again.
The parking assist system is so difficult to control that I finally figured out how to inactivate it, as it was constantly giving us alarms in multiple non-parking situations.
My wife still really likes the car(it's hers), as she isn't as worried about the lack of traffic updates as I am. She likes the feel of the seats, likes that it connects to her phone flawlessly, and feels safe driving it. So, unless we have future mechanical issues with it, we will probably stick with it for the next four to five years.
Update at 27,000 miles: The car is in the shop for a number of issues. I noticed that the Audi was taking a long time to warm up when it is cold outside(about twice as many miles driven before warmup than my Subaru). In addition, the temperature fluctuates over 30 degrees or more after it reaches the actual normal operating temperature.
We have had several black MMI screens over the last year, 3 times when the car was started, and twice while driving it. It does reset each time, but is not safe when it does so while driving using Carplay. The last time it shut down while driving, when we re-activated it, the screen looked like it did when we had the free Audi Connect subscription. That lasted until we shut the car off.
Have had numerous issues with the Adaptive Cruise control un-necessarily slowing the car from set speed, sometimes as much as 15 mph below setpoint. If there is a slope down to a bridge on the interstate, the cruise slows us down 5-10 mph, then speeds back up. The ADC also slows the speed down if there is a semi next to us, or a vehicle towing a trailer, even though those vehicles aren't crowding our lane.
The parking assist has started deciding, on it's own again, that we are trying to park when stopped at lights, and now when we are waiting to pull out into the street from business parking lots. We get all the beeps and tones, and the visual indicators that we are too close to other vehicles, even when there is no vehicle beside us.
So far the dealer has had the car for three days, and is still trying to resolve the problems.
We still really like the Audi, great mileage, comfortable ride, good visibility, and plenty of storage space.
UPDATE: At just under 45,000 miles, we still like our Audi. Comfortable ride, quiet interior, great gas mileage(31-32 highway mpg), but the tech issues still continue. Every time my wife takes the car out of the state, she ends up getting some kind of warning message, or trouble light on the dash. She calls me, and I figure out what the issue is, and it's resolved. The other issue for her is that she has gotten several check engine lights, which clears when she re-installs the gas cap. Yet my code reader didn't show any codes present from the check engine light.
Then we had trouble with the LTE system switching back to the old 3G network. The service tech couldn't fix it, so I sent them an article I found on an Audi owner's forum about how another owner's service tech fixed the problem. Doing what the article said to do fixed the issue. Prior to this info, the tech said our iphones were the problem, when they worked just fine with the MMI, we just kept getting "no network connection" warnings every time we used the car.
On the drive home, no error messages, and the LTE icon indicated full bars of service. But the next day, upon starting the car, multiple error messages about no user being set up, and problems with the MyAudi app.
Took me over an hour to play around with the MMI, having to re-activate the only once used MyAudi app to finally figure out a workaround to get rid of the multiple error messages.
Two days later, we start getting different error messages, all related to no user created. This time, it took almost 90 minutes to resolve the issue.
Now, the check engine light is on again, and doesn't go off by re-tightening the gas cap. The code reader indicates an evaporative issue, so it goes back to the dealer next week.
The service writer admitted, during the LTE issue, that Audi is changing their tech software so fast the techs can't keep up with the changes. He also did admit they see a lot of tech issues in the shop.
While right now, we intend to keep the Audi, it won't take much more tech issues for us to trade it for something else.
I also noticed on the new loaner I got that there is no native navigation any more unless you pay a subscription fee to use it. That may be fine if you live in a metropolitan area with good cell signal around you, but for people like us who live in a rural hilly area, native navigation is a must have.
Used 2023 Audi Q5 in Inman, SC Values
Estimated values
2023 Audi Q5 Premium 4dr SUV AWD w/40 TFSI (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 7AM) with no options
| Condition | Trade-In | Private Party | Dealer Retail |
|---|---|---|---|
| Outstanding | $27,576 | $29,196 | $31,023 |
| Clean | $27,265 | $28,844 | $30,625 |
| Average | $26,747 | $28,257 | $29,960 |
| Rough | $26,074 | $27,494 | $29,096 |
The average list price of a used 2023 Audi Q5 in Inman, South Carolina is $35,598. The average mileage on a used Audi Q5 2023 for sale in Inman, South Carolina is 26,891. Based on the average mileage of 26,891 for used 2023 Audi Q5 for sale in Inman, SC and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Audi Q5 2023 in Inman, South Carolina to be $26,747.
Filters
Skip to ResultsApplied Filters4Active
Make & Model
Year
New / Used
Price & Payments
Price Rating
Body Type
Trim
Mileage
Accidents & History
EV Details
Engine & Drivetrain
Exterior Color
Interior Color
Total Seating
Edmunds Review
Features
Options & Packages
MPG
* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.