Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
465 listings
  • New Listing
    • 13,329 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl manual
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 1,238 miles away from Wilmington, NC

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAD73P0551167
    Stock: 2003815681
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-12-2025

  • Price Drop
    $25,997
    good price
    $1,714 below market
    • 13,024 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Fairway Ford of Greenville (252 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Greenville, SC / 252 miles away from Wilmington, NC

    SummaryThe 2023 Mazda MX-5 Miata Grand Touring is a sleek and sporty convertible that combines agile performance with refined comfort. It features a 2...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAD77P0553729
    Stock: Z483A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-31-2025

  • $29,205
    good price
    $1,326 below market
    • 3,509 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl manual
    • Greensboro Auto Center (176 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Greensboro, NC / 176 miles away from Wilmington, NC

    2 YEARS COMPLIMENTARY MAINTENANCE (for vehicles 100,000 miles or less. See Dealer for details.) COMPLIMENTARY TIRE ROTATIONS FOR LIFE (with any servic...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAD72P0554478
    Stock: 3173
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-28-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 10,010 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Jim Ellis Mazda of Marietta (368 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Marietta, GA / 368 miles away from Wilmington, NC

    Certified. Machine Gray Metallic 2023 Mazda MX-5 Miata Grand Touring RWD 6-Speed Automatic 2.0L 4-Cylinder DOHC 16V Mazda Certified Pre-Owned Certifie...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAD7XP0558567
    Stock: Z69552A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 07-01-2025

  • $28,000
    fair price
    $34 below market
    • 9,399 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Quality Kia of Greenwood (236 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Greenwood, SC / 236 miles away from Wilmington, NC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAD71P0560403
    Stock: K3800A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-10-2025

  • New Listing
    $32,998
    good price
    $824 below market
    • 5,453 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl manual
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from IL to NC*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Tinley Park, IL / 747 miles away from Wilmington, NC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAC78P0552929
    Stock: 27589082
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $27,323
    good price
    $1,421 below market
    • 19,557 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl manual
    • Radley Cadillac (302 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Fredericksburg, VA / 302 miles away from Wilmington, NC

    ** RADLEY VIP INCLUDED** Oil changes, tire rotations, alignment checks, engine light diagnostics and state inspection. Our goal is to make sure your n...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAC78P0554003
    Stock: CAP5160
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-18-2025

  • $29,200
    fair price
    $307 below market
    • 8,571 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl manual
    • Renn Kirby Kia (412 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Gettysburg, PA / 412 miles away from Wilmington, NC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAD73P0551363
    Stock: M3297
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-22-2024

  • Price Drop
    $22,586
    fair price
    $338 below market
    • 59,275 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl manual
    • BMW of Tampa (482 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 482 miles away from Wilmington, NC

    GRAND TOURING PACKAGE, TERRACOTA NAPPA LEATHER SEATING UPGRADE, 6-SPEED MANUAL TRANSMISSION, APPLE CARPLAY, ANDROID AUTO, NAVIGATION, BOSE PREMIUM AUD...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAD71P0551846
    Stock: 9058933B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-22-2025

  • New Listing
    $28,998
    fair price
    $1,057 above market
    • 9,004 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to NC*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in San Jose, CA / 2,450 miles away from Wilmington, NC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAD76P0557805
    Stock: 27129988
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 9,168 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl manual
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to NC*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Richmond, TX / 1,078 miles away from Wilmington, NC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAD74P0554708
    Stock: 27559643
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $28,998
    fair price
    $190 above market
    • 12,334 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl manual
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to NC*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Inglewood, CA / 2,295 miles away from Wilmington, NC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAD70P0551594
    Stock: 27330388
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $19,975
    fair price
    $294 above market
    • 73,845 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl manual
    • Safford Brown Mazda Chantilly (345 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Chantilly, VA / 345 miles away from Wilmington, NC

    JUST ARRIVED - MAZDA MIATA GRAND TOURING(OPTIONS LISTED BELOW) - UPGRADED STAGE 1 FLYING MIATA SUSPENSION W/SHOCKS AND SPRINGS - DRILLED AND SLOTTED R...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAD70H0125115
    Stock: P191B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-18-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 23,514 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl manual
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Portland, OR / 2,465 miles away from Wilmington, NC

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAC75P0553021
    Stock: 2003795611
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-11-2025

  • New Listing
    $26,998
    fair price
    $1,182 above market
    • 30,481 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to NC*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Santa Rosa, CA / 2,485 miles away from Wilmington, NC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAD76P0551020
    Stock: 27382439
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $27,500
    fair price
    $44 above market
    • 23,099 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl manual
    • Lakeway Auto Sales (337 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Morristown, TN / 337 miles away from Wilmington, NC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAD72P0551001
    Stock: 231001F
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-12-2025

  • New Listing
    • 3,146 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl manual
    • Safford Kia Of Fredericksburg (301 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Fredericksburg, VA / 301 miles away from Wilmington, NC

    Certified. Platinum Quartz Metallic 2023 Mazda MX-5 Miata Club RWD 6-Speed Manual 2.0L 4-Cylinder DOHC 16V AppLink/Apple CarPlay and Android Auto, Bra...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAC72P0559293
    Stock: P198
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-20-2025

    • 6,899 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl manual
    • 1 Import 1 Motorsport (476 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Pipersville, PA / 476 miles away from Wilmington, NC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAB72P0555195
    Stock: 12202024CON
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-21-2024

  • Price Drop
    • 4,748 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl manual
    • Beaver Toyota of Cumming (346 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Cumming, GA / 346 miles away from Wilmington, NC

    WHY THIS VEHICLE? This 2023 Mazda MX-5 Miata Grand Touring, has an Soul Red Crystal Metallic exterior and an Black interior color. 4748 miles. Stock N...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAD74P0554725
    Stock: PD554725
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-06-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 5,043 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Portland, OR / 2,465 miles away from Wilmington, NC

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAD79P0553859
    Stock: 2003836291
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-09-2025

    • 6,083 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl manual
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 1,238 miles away from Wilmington, NC

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAC79P0550946
    Stock: 2003846113
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-03-2025

Showing 106 - 126 out of 465 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Mazda MX-5 Miata

Read recent reviews for the Mazda MX-5 Miata
Overall Consumer Rating
4.6 out of 5 stars26 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 26 reviews
  • 5 star
    (69%)
  • 4 star
    (27%)
  • 3 star
    (0%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (4%)
5 out of 5 stars

Most fun of any car ive ever been in.

Mark hoyle, 05/17/2021
2021 Mazda MX-5 Miata Grand Touring 2dr Convertible (2.0L 4cyl 6M)
Ive had a 2000 vette, two mini coopers (which I loved), multiple Chevy ford Lexus Nissan Mitsubishi land rover Honda Toyota cars and trucks (I'm old!) and this is the most fun of any car ive ever had. Its my daily driver. The handling is phenomenal. Its sweet spot is 90-100mph but even at slower speeds its a blast. The cornering is fantastic. Its like driving a comfortable go cart daily! … Could it use a smoother ride and more storage ...yes but it would add weight and size and its perfect size now for anyone 6'2" and under (I'm 5'10"). 32 mpg and I drive it like I stole it! Had it 6 mos now. I suspect I will trade it in for every new major update until I die or until the other companies make something similar. Havent had a "stick" since my 20's but stick is the way to go here. Very easy to shift. Mark hoyle Dallas Texas.
Report abuse

Used 2023 Mazda MX-5 Miata in Wilmington, NC Values

Estimated values
2023 Mazda MX-5 Miata Grand Touring 2dr Convertible (2.0L 4cyl 6M) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$24,176$25,909$27,864
Clean$23,922$25,557$27,402
Average$23,498$24,971$26,633
Rough$22,947$24,210$25,634

The average list price of a used 2023 Mazda MX-5 Miata in Wilmington, North Carolina is $28,454. The average mileage on a used Mazda MX-5 Miata 2023 for sale in Wilmington, North Carolina is 16,642. Based on the average mileage of 16,642 for used 2023 Mazda MX-5 Miata for sale in Wilmington, NC and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Mazda MX-5 Miata 2023 in Wilmington, North Carolina to be $23,498.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.