Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
265 listings
  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $43,831
    good price
    $1,796 below market
    • 50,296 miles
    • 6 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Lexus of Lexington (291 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Lexington, KY / 291 miles away from Lynchburg, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJHZKFA5N2042483
    Stock: LRX33930A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-29-2025

  • $29,995
    fair price
    $210 above market
    • 113,137 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Robo Motors (495 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Sylacauga, AL / 495 miles away from Lynchburg, VA

    EquipmentApple CarPlay: Seamless smartphone integration for the vehicle - stay connected and entertained on the go! Bluetooth technology is built into...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJHZKEA9L2015026
    Stock: 3087
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-13-2025

    • 92,248 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Keffer Volkswagen (166 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Huntersville, NC / 166 miles away from Lynchburg, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJGZKCA0J2005481
    Stock: 7438
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-24-2025

  • $42,994
    fair price
    $1,323 above market
    • 35,707 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Toyota of Cleveland (356 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in McDonald, TN / 356 miles away from Lynchburg, VA

    Check out this great value! Packed with features and truly a pleasure to drive! With just over 35,000 miles on the odometer, this 4 door sport utility...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJHZKFA9N2034760
    Stock: P11616
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-27-2024

    • 19,408 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Brambleton Imports (46 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Roanoke, VA / 46 miles away from Lynchburg, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJHZKFA4N2036691
    Stock: 036691
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-07-2025

  • $41,088
    fair price
    $254 below market
    • 36,546 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Jack Daniels Volkswagen (366 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Paramus, NJ / 366 miles away from Lynchburg, VA

    2022 Lexus RX 350L Eminent White Pearl**BACK UP CAMERA**, **HEATED SEATS**, Bluetooth, **JACK DANIELS SAFETY INSPECTION**, **LEATHER**, Blind Spot Mon...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJHZKFA8N2041926
    Stock: 211170A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-30-2025

  • Price Drop
    $41,200
    fair price
    $1,463 above market
    • 41,577 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Jeff D'Ambrosio Dodge Chrysler Jeep Ram (262 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Downingtown, PA / 262 miles away from Lynchburg, VA

    Destination Downingtown! Jeff D'Ambrosio the dealership you can trust! Over 38 Acres of New & Pre-Owned Cars, Van, Trucks & SUV's. Browse our online i...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJHZKFA9N2037108
    Stock: V250288A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-09-2025

  • New Listing
    $38,998
    fair price
    $793 above market
    • 34,831 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from AZ to VA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Scottsdale, AZ / 1,849 miles away from Lynchburg, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJAZKEA9N2025740
    Stock: 26679911
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $41,998
    fair price
    $232 below market
    • 35,158 miles
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from FL to VA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 671 miles away from Lynchburg, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJHZKEA3N2027336
    Stock: 27407310
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 30,663 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Fred Anderson Kia of Raleigh (107 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Raleigh, NC / 107 miles away from Lynchburg, VA

    AWD, Black w/Semi-Aniline Leather Seat Trim, Beautiful 2022 Lexus RX 350L This vehicle must be seen to be believed!!!, CLEAN CARFAX- No Hiccups here!,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJHZKFA4N2036688
    Stock: N2036688P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-23-2025

    • 18,839 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from FL to VA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Boynton Beach, FL / 752 miles away from Lynchburg, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJJZKEA0N2026775
    Stock: 27292090
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 27,714 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Hendrick Lexus (177 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 177 miles away from Lynchburg, VA

    L/ Certified: 2-YEAR Unlimited Mileage WARRANTY INCLUDED. Complimentary Maintenance for 20,000 Miles! 3rd Row Seat, Sunroof, NAV, Leather Seats, Satel...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJJZKFAXN2034770
    Stock: DS11577A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-23-2025

    • 21,747 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 6 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Scenic City Cars (378 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Chattanooga, TN / 378 miles away from Lynchburg, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJHZKEA3N2024839
    Stock: 024839
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-17-2025

    • 120,498 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Metri Motors (114 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Raleigh, NC / 114 miles away from Lynchburg, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJGZKCA5J2001359
    Stock: 001359
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $32,900
    fair price
    $1,202 above market
    • 88,263 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Dixie Motors (426 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Nashville, TN / 426 miles away from Lynchburg, VA

    OFFICE 615..256..2277 CALL, TEXT OR EMAIL US ANYTIME Randy Russell 615..390..3135 Ben West 615..473..6979 We know that you have many choices when look...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJHZKFA9L2026221
    Stock: 026221
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-21-2025

    • 69,946 miles
    • Frame damage reported, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • i40 Auto (101 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Greensboro, NC / 101 miles away from Lynchburg, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: Yes

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJDZKCA1J2009042
    Stock: I009042
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-22-2025

    • 36,935 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • BMW of Raleigh (112 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Raleigh, NC / 112 miles away from Lynchburg, VA

    Ultra White 2022 Lexus RX 350L FWD 8-Speed Automatic 3.5L V6 DOHC 24V Birch w/NuLuxe Seat Trim, Driver Memory, Navigation System, Premium Package, Ret...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJHZKEA7N2026920
    Stock: W507814A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-11-2025

    • 60,905 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Mercedes-Benz of Northlake (168 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 168 miles away from Lynchburg, VA

    Heated Seats, Third Row Seat, Moonroof, Navigation, iPod/MP3 Input, Satellite Radio, Back-Up Camera, Rear Air, All Wheel Drive, Power Liftgate, ACCESS...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJHZKFA5N2036232
    Stock: XH4860C
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-21-2025

  • New Listing
    • 29,838 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to VA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Austin, TX / 1,162 miles away from Lynchburg, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJHZKEA8N2026991
    Stock: 27227709
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 30,331 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • New Country Lexus of Westport (406 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Westport, CT / 406 miles away from Lynchburg, VA

    "THIS PRICE HAS JUST BEEN REDUCED!!! CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. Caviar 2022 Lexus RX 350L AWD 8-Speed Automatic 3.5L V6 DOHC 24V INCLUDES WARRANT...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJHZKFA8N2037438
    Stock: N2037438
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-18-2025

  • $35,900
    fair price
    $673 above market
    • 58,306 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Best Choice Auto (458 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Evansville, IN / 458 miles away from Lynchburg, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJHZKFA5L2024062
    Stock: 024062
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-29-2025

Showing 148 - 168 out of 265 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Lexus RX 350L

Read recent reviews for the Lexus RX 350L
Overall Consumer Rating
4 out of 5 stars32 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 32 reviews
  • 5 star
    (56%)
  • 4 star
    (13%)
  • 3 star
    (16%)
  • 2 star
    (9%)
  • 1 star
    (6%)
3 out of 5 stars

I wanted so badly to like it!

Dennis, 01/28/2018
2018 Lexus RX 350L Luxury 4dr SUV AWD (3.5L 6cyl 8A)
So I'm a current Lexus owner, love the brand and have been waiting months for the RX-L to come out and replace our family vehicle with a 3 row SUV. I was so excited when the RXL came out and I went to the dealership with checkbook in hand, ready to buy. I literally cannot understand what Lexus was thinking with the 3rd row design. I expect midsize SUV 3rd rows to be child-sized, but … this was completely non-functional and worse than any I've ever seen. With the 2nd row seats in the back position, the back of the 2nd row seat touches the bench of the 3rd row with precisely zero leg space. It touches! With the second row seats in the farthest forward position, I (or my teenage kids) STILL could not lock the second row seat in place (in it's farthest forward position) because the knees of the 3rd row passenger were in the way. It was physically impossible. The fact that the car is only 4 inches longer than the 2 row version should have been my first clue. If you need to get any child older than about 5 or a dog (which is exactly what they show in the new RXL commercial), the 3rd row is physically impossible to use. Not just cramped, not just tight, both of which I expected. Literally physically impossible to use and completely worthless. It was such a disappointment. We ended up buying the highest optioned Toyota Highlander (AWD hybrid limited platinum) instead. Not quite a Lexus, but darn, darn close and a bit cheaper too. I was so excited waiting for the RXL, but it's a complete whiff with regard to the 3rd row, which is what we were holding out for. I still love the two row version, the RX is still a great vehicle, but the RXL turned out to be completely pointless.
Report abuse

Used 2022 Lexus RX 350L in Lynchburg, VA Values

Estimated values
2022 Lexus RX 350L 4dr SUV AWD (3.5L 6cyl 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$30,291$32,481$34,765
Clean$29,888$32,031$34,265
Average$29,215$31,281$33,432
Rough$28,341$30,307$32,349

The average list price of a used 2022 Lexus RX 350L in Lynchburg, Virginia is $39,557. The average mileage on a used Lexus RX 350L 2022 for sale in Lynchburg, Virginia is 50,138. Based on the average mileage of 50,138 for used 2022 Lexus RX 350L for sale in Lynchburg, VA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Lexus RX 350L 2022 in Lynchburg, Virginia to be $29,215.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.