Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
189 listings
  • Price Drop
    $52,998
    good price
    $2,951 below market
    • 37,860 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NC to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Fayetteville, NC / 1,025 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALE27RU7M2036656
    Stock: 27037224
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 24,370 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Land Rover West Houston (20 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Katy, TX / 20 miles away from Spring, TX

    Leather SeatsNavigation SystemLane Keeping AssistKeyless StartThank you for your interest in one of Land Rover West Houston's online offerings. ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALEJ7EX7P2147425
    Stock: P2147425
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-05-2025

    • 25,268 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Mac Haik Ford Houston (17 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 17 miles away from Spring, TX

    Thanks for Looking. Santorini Black Metallic 2023 Land Rover Defender 110 X-Dynamic SE 4WD 8-Speed Automatic 3.0L I6Odometer is 6167 miles below marke...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALE27EU3P2132729
    Stock: 251184A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-08-2025

    • 37,891 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Land Rover Southwest Houston (25 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 25 miles away from Spring, TX

    MHEV ALL WHEEL DRIVE! 2023 Land Rover Defender X with 37K Miles, Cold Climate Pack, Extended Black Exterior Pack, Fixed Side Steps, Body colored roof,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALEX7EU5P2141899
    Stock: TP2141899
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-09-2025

    • 96,207 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Emmons Motor Company (42 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Webster, TX / 42 miles away from Spring, TX

    **WE FINANCE**ONE OWNER with X pkg., 3.0L-6cyl TURBOCHARGED, ALL WHEEL DRIVE, NAVIGATION, PANORAMIC SUNROOF, BKACUP CAMERA, black LEATHER seats, HEATE...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALEX7RU7M2043611
    Stock: 48430A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-12-2025

    • 39,958 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MD to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in White Marsh, MD / 1,258 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALE3ERU7M2043589
    Stock: 27450612
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 33,452 miles
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Land Rover West Houston (20 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Katy, TX / 20 miles away from Spring, TX

    Leather SeatsNavigation SystemLane Keeping AssistKeyless StartContact Land Rover West Houston today for information on dozens of vehicles like t...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALEJ7EX9P2134689
    Stock: P2134689
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-16-2025

    • 51,048 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from San Antonio, TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 185 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALE37RU1M2039131
    Stock: 27295690
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 24,333 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Land Rover West Houston (20 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Katy, TX / 20 miles away from Spring, TX

    Vintage Tan/Ebony; Windsor Leather SeatsPanoramic RoofLeather SeatsNavigation SystemLane Keeping AssistKeyless StartCooled Front Seat(S)Fuji Wh...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALEP7EU3P2133039
    Stock: P2133039
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-30-2025

  • New Listing
    • 15,638 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Burbank, CA / 1,360 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALEY6RU4M2054024
    Stock: 27405114
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 37,545 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Land Rover West Houston (20 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Katy, TX / 20 miles away from Spring, TX

    The following items have been reconditioned on this vehicle: all new tires! Leather SeatsNavigation SystemLane Keeping AssistKeyless StartLan...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALEJ7EX5P2137010
    Stock: P2137010
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-09-2025

    • 35,292 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • West Point Lincoln of Sugar Land (26 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 26 miles away from Spring, TX

    Clean CARFAX. ONLY 35K MILES...2023 Defender X-Dynamic SE, Air Suspension Pack, Extended Black Exterior Pack, Exterior Parking Camera Rear, Gloss Blac...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALE27EU3P2120967
    Stock: S4N172A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-06-2025

    • 31,480 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from AZ to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Gilbert, AZ / 980 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALE27RUXM2039695
    Stock: 27451295
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 45,498 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Land Rover Clear Lake (39 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Friendswood, TX / 39 miles away from Spring, TX

    Stop in and test drive this Land Rover Defender 110 today! Clean CARFAX. CARFAX One-Owner. Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! Certified. Eiger Gray...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALEK7RX4M2046197
    Stock: PA1141
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-21-2025

  • New Listing
    • 23,067 miles
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Land Rover West Houston (20 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Katy, TX / 20 miles away from Spring, TX

    Leather SeatsNavigation SystemLane Keeping AssistKeyless StartLand Rover West Houston has a wide selection of exceptional pre-owned vehicles to ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (18 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALEJ6EX4P2164063
    Stock: P2164063
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-16-2025

    • 47,814 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 182 miles away from Spring, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALEK7RXXM2050724
    Stock: 2003729535
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-20-2025

  • New Listing
    • 47,859 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from FL to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Clearwater, FL / 787 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALEP7RU4M2061046
    Stock: 27146702
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 48,024 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Birmingham, AL / 566 miles away from Spring, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALEX7RUXM2037818
    Stock: 2003794671
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-05-2025

  • New Listing
    • 49,741 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MD to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Gaithersburg, MD / 1,215 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALEP7RU9M2036675
    Stock: 26488339
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 59,771 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Kansas City, MO / 630 miles away from Spring, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALEY6RUXM2049491
    Stock: 2003704275
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-14-2025

  • Price Drop
    $51,475
    fair price
    $1,499 above market
    • 50,053 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Thousand Oaks, CA / 1,390 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Rare Find,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Star...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALE3ERU9M2037132
    Stock: M2037132P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 22 - 42 out of 189 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Land Rover Defender

Read recent reviews for the Land Rover Defender
Overall Consumer Rating
3.5 out of 5 stars47 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 47 reviews
  • 5 star
    (51%)
  • 4 star
    (6%)
  • 3 star
    (6%)
  • 2 star
    (11%)
  • 1 star
    (26%)
1 out of 5 stars

Proceed with Caution

DBM6858, 07/15/2020
2020 Land Rover Defender 110 P400 First Edition 4dr SUV AWD (3.0L 6cyl Twincharger gas/electric mild hybrid 8A)
We've had ours since June 8. After 8 days, the Check Engine light went on. Land Rover then had the car for 9 days The dealer determined that three mechanical faults set the light off, but the mechanical faults were non-existent; it must have been a software issue that caused the light to come on. Land Rover (the dealer, in consultation with engineers from Land Rover USA on the east coast … and Land Rover England) cleared the Check Engine light but never determined what software issue set it off in the first place. We then got the car back, Land Rover having had it for a longer period of time than we did. About a week later, Sirius went out. It comes in and out intermittently, and we have an appointment to have that fixed, but we can't get in to the dealer until the end of July. While waiting for that appointment, the Check Engine light came on again. I'm anticipating another long stint with a loaner. We love the car reliability issues aside, but those reliability issues are quickly moving it into Lemon Law land.
Report abuse

Used 2021 Land Rover Defender in Spring, TX Values

Estimated values
2021 Land Rover Defender 110 P400 X-Dynamic SE 4dr SUV AWD (3.0L 6cyl Twincharger gas/electric mild hybrid 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$42,177$46,797$51,423
Clean$41,518$46,054$50,594
Average$40,420$44,816$49,211
Rough$38,992$43,206$47,413

The average list price of a used 2021 Land Rover Defender in Spring, Texas is $52,445. The average mileage on a used Land Rover Defender 2021 for sale in Spring, Texas is 41,056. Based on the average mileage of 41,056 for used 2021 Land Rover Defender for sale in Spring, TX and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Land Rover Defender 2021 in Spring, Texas to be $40,420.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.