Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
1,142 listings
  • $39,900
    fair price
    $1,086 below market
    • 46,413 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • Brileya's Chrysler Jeep (161 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Rutland, VT / 161 miles away from New Haven, CT

    This Jeep won't be on the lot long! This vehicle is a triumph, continuing to deliver top-notch execution in its segment! All of the premium features e...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6JJTEG0ML538721
    Stock: Z4814
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-10-2025

  • New Listing
    $32,990
    fair price
    $1,821 below market
    • 68,008 miles
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Birmingham, AL / 931 miles away from New Haven, CT

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6JJTBG3ML622908
    Stock: 2004084423
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-18-2025

  • New Listing
    $40,998
    fair price
    $726 below market
    • 26,382 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • Salvadore Chrysler Dodge Ram (98 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Gardner, MA / 98 miles away from New Haven, CT

    PASSED - Dealership Quality Assurance Inspection!, 1 Owner, 4-Wheel Disc Brakes, 4.10 Rear Axle Ratio, 9 Speakers, ABS brakes, Air Conditioning, AM/FM...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6JJTBG5PL567656
    Stock: C26021A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 09-08-2025

  • New Listing
    $37,990
    fair price
    $1,363 above market
    • 46,397 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 703 miles away from New Haven, CT

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6JJTEG6ML572226
    Stock: 2004010138
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-13-2025

  • $35,495
    fair price
    $495 below market
    • 51,952 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • Bedard Brothers Chrysler Jeep Dodge Ram (86 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Cheshire, MA / 86 miles away from New Haven, CT

    $1,585 below KBB Retail! Scores 22 Highway MPG and 17 City MPG! Dealer Certified Pre-Owned. This JEEP GLADIATOR boasts a Regular Unleaded V-6 3.6 L/22...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6JJTBG7ML599424
    Stock: R25-147A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 08-26-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $29,990
    fair price
    $1,245 below market
    • 50,394 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • Porter Ford (186 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Newark, DE / 186 miles away from New Haven, CT

    This Jeep Gladiator Sport 4x4 has a dependable Regular Unleaded V-6 3.6 L/220 engine powering this Automatic transmission. TRANSMISSION: 8-SPEED AUTOM...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6HJTAG9ML552413
    Stock: PF25203A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-12-2025

  • New Listing
    $30,000
    good price
    $1,917 below market
    • 51,535 miles
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Las Vegas, NV / 2,285 miles away from New Haven, CT

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Rare Find,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Keyless Start,Satellite Radio,Tow Hitch,V6 C...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6HJTAG5ML577003
    Stock: ML577003P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $33,990
    good price
    $2,123 below market
    • 25,754 miles
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • Bennett Chevrolet (158 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Egg Harbor Township, NJ / 158 miles away from New Haven, CT

    Bright White Clearcoat 2021 Jeep Gladiator Overland 4WD 8-Speed Automatic 3.6L V6 24V VVTRecent Arrival!Thank you for being an educated consumer! Bewa...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6HJTFG7ML591249
    Stock: P0817
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-18-2025

  • Stock photo**
    $31,991
    fair price
    $540 below market
    • 41,740 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • Route 46 Chrysler Jeep Dodge Ram (74 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Little Falls, NJ / 74 miles away from New Haven, CT

    Here it is! Hurry and take advantage now! Check out this 2021! Ensuring composure no matter the driving circumstances! This 4 door, 5 passenger truck ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6JJTBG6ML615600
    Stock: C18910A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-29-2025

  • New Listing
    $33,995
    fair price
    $1,616 below market
    • 58,991 miles
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • Crazy Cars Hillside (81 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Hillside, NJ / 81 miles away from New Haven, CT

    Visit Crazy Cars Hillside online at www.crazycarsnj.com to see more pictures of this vehicle or call us at 2**-7**-7*** today to schedule your tes...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6JJTEG5ML612568
    Stock: 612568
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-17-2025

  • $30,940
    fair price
    $354 below market
    • 62,015 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • Village Motors (170 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Upgraded Stereo
    Close

    Located in South Berwick, ME / 170 miles away from New Haven, CT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6HJTAG1ML511810
    Stock: 511810
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-02-2025

  • New Listing
    $33,990
    fair price
    $1,298 below market
    • 23,181 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Birmingham, AL / 931 miles away from New Haven, CT

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6HJTAG6ML561912
    Stock: 2004038845
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-16-2025

  • New Listing
    $31,590
    fair price
    $877 below market
    • 45,357 miles
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 703 miles away from New Haven, CT

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6HJTAG6ML585787
    Stock: 2003932932
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-30-2025

  • $36,995
    fair price
    $487 above market
    • 30,187 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • Route 130 Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (116 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Robbinsville, NJ / 116 miles away from New Haven, CT

    Embrace adventure and capability with this 2021 Jeep Gladiator Mojave 4 4. Powered by a robust 3.6-liter V6 engine and paired with a smooth automatic ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6JJTEG6ML590774
    Stock: B8074
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-12-2025

  • New Listing
    $27,991
    fair price
    $743 below market
    • 90,303 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • Straight Motor Sales (70 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Paterson, NJ / 70 miles away from New Haven, CT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6JJTEG8ML525649
    Stock: 525649
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-14-2025

  • New Listing
    $37,998
    fair price
    $2,326 below market
    • 34,195 miles
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MD to CT*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in White Marsh, MD / 229 miles away from New Haven, CT

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6JJTBG3ML602304
    Stock: 26684763
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $32,995
    fair price
    $98 above market
    • 42,091 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • Ramsey Dodge Chrysler Jeep Ram (66 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Ramsey, NJ / 66 miles away from New Haven, CT

    Certified. Sting-Gray Clearcoat 2021 Jeep Gladiator Willys 4WD 8-Speed Automatic 3.6L V6 24V VVT **1 OWNER CLEAN CARFAX**.Recent Arrival!FCA US LLC Ce...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6HJTAG2ML605453
    Stock: CHU8111
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 08-29-2025

  • $32,400
    fair price
    $585 above market
    • 43,762 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram of Clifton Park (116 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Clifton Park, NY / 116 miles away from New Haven, CT

    Heated Seats, Bed Liner, Keyless Start, Bluetooth , iPod/MP3 Input, Satellite Radio, Alloy Wheels, Tow Hitch, ENGINE: 3.6L V6 24V VVT UPG I W/ESS, BLA...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6HJTAG8ML565492
    Stock: 12UML565492
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-09-2025

  • Price Drop
    Stock photo**
    $37,599
    fair price
    $307 below market
    • 33,020 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • Burlington Hyundai (135 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Burlington, NJ / 135 miles away from New Haven, CT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6JJTEGXML519710
    Stock: H250292B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-19-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 31,328 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Costa Mesa, CA / 2,493 miles away from New Haven, CT

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Keyless Start,Satellite Radio,V6 Cylinder Engine,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6JJTBG4ML624781
    Stock: ML624781P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $29,998
    fair price
    $545 above market
    • 34,836 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5'0” bed, 3.6l, 6cyl
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from GA to CT*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Augusta, GA / 738 miles away from New Haven, CT

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C6HJTAG7ML517885
    Stock: 27102080
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 337 - 357 out of 1,142 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Jeep Gladiator

Read recent reviews for the Jeep Gladiator
Overall Consumer Rating
4.3 out of 5 stars46 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 46 reviews
  • 5 star
    (76%)
  • 4 star
    (4%)
  • 3 star
    (4%)
  • 2 star
    (7%)
  • 1 star
    (9%)
5 out of 5 stars

Jeep-Truck-Convertible - yes!!

Magilla, 04/01/2021
2021 Jeep Gladiator Sport S 4dr Crew Cab 4WD SB (3.6L 6cyl 6M)
I have been a mid size truck guy for many years. The mid sized trucks fits my life better than the full sized. Yes I 've owned both. The Gladiator checks off more boxes than anything else has....ever. The back seats are actually comfortable and that is rare in a mid-size. The front seating area is great. Plenty of room, easy to read gauges and display. Everything within reach and … easy to use. It tows a considerable amount. Although it is a truck it still looks and feels like a Jeep. I love that! Also the roof and doors pop off and the windshield folds down. How cool is that? Does it go everywhere a Wrangle can go? No. Does it fit everything a full size truck can fit? No. You know why? Because its not a Wrangler or a FS truck. What it does, and does perfectly, is blend the two to give you the best of both worlds. UPDATE after 1 year of ownership: First lets talk about quality. This truck has NEVER had to go back to the dealer for anything other than an oil change. I am getting about 23 MPG on the highway. This truck has exceeded my expectations in every way. When I needed to buy a new stove, it fit right in. Taking out the ATVs? No problem towing at all. Family, groceries and dog all fit with no problems. It's like a Swiss Army knife. It does so many things you cant belive its only one vehicle.
Report abuse

Used 2021 Jeep Gladiator in New Haven, CT Values

Estimated values
2021 Jeep Gladiator Mojave 4dr Crew Cab 4WD SB (3.6L 6cyl 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$28,261$30,081$31,909
Clean$27,817$29,583$31,354
Average$27,076$28,752$30,430
Rough$26,113$27,673$29,228

The average list price of a used 2021 Jeep Gladiator in New Haven, Connecticut is $34,229. The average mileage on a used Jeep Gladiator 2021 for sale in New Haven, Connecticut is 44,659. Based on the average mileage of 44,659 for used 2021 Jeep Gladiator for sale in New Haven, CT and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Jeep Gladiator 2021 in New Haven, Connecticut to be $27,076.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Truck Details

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.