Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
960 listings
    • 146,080 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Nebraska Auto Sales (395 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Sioux City, IA / 395 miles away from Springfield, IL

    Non-smoker owner, Vehicle Runs Well, Smooth ride, Always parked indoors, New tires, New paint job, All records in possession, Upgraded stereo, Regular...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NE7K9227666
    Stock: 227666
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-02-2023

  • Price Drop
    • 37,103 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Carvilla (489 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Kennesaw, GA / 489 miles away from Springfield, IL

    Vehicle Overview New Price! Champagne Quartz 2023 INFINITI QX80 Sensory 4WD 7-Speed Automatic 5.6L V8 Cargo Net, Cargo Package, Carpeted Cargo Mat, Ce...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2BE0P9302980
    Stock: P9302980
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-10-2025

  • Stock photo**
    • 15,518 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Kirk Lincoln of Grenada (416 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Grenada, MS / 416 miles away from Springfield, IL

    You won't want to miss this excellent value! It just arrived on our lot this past week! With just over 15,000 miles on the odometer, this 4 door sport...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2AF7P9755262
    Stock: P9573
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-11-2023

  • Appraise
    my car

    Get the Edmunds appraisal report and a no-obligation offer for your car

    See my car’s value
    • 79,111 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 626 miles away from Springfield, IL

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NF5K9688017
    Stock: 2003804492
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-16-2025

    • 94,115 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Absolute Auto Center (327 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Murfreesboro, TN / 327 miles away from Springfield, IL

    KBB.com 5-Year Cost to Own Awards. Delivers 19 Highway MPG and 13 City MPG! This INFINITI QX80 delivers a Premium Unleaded V-8 5.6 L/339 engine poweri...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NE5K9230856
    Stock: 230856
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-11-2025

    • 133,983 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Leachman Buick GMC (263 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Bowling Green, KY / 263 miles away from Springfield, IL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NE8K9226168
    Stock: G25598A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-17-2025

    • 64,641 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Central Ford (290 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Trumann, AR / 290 miles away from Springfield, IL

    LEATHER!, HEATED SEATS!, BACKUP CAMERA!, MOONROOF!, BLUETOOTH!, HEATED STEERING WHEEL!, POWER DRIVER SEAT!, MEMORY SEAT!, POWER LIFTGATE!, 4WD!, 20" W...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2AE9P9302350
    Stock: C302350P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-16-2025

  • New Listing
    $14,983
    great price
    $3,418 below market
    • 156,122 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Icon Auto Group (312 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Lake Odessa, MI / 312 miles away from Springfield, IL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NE2J9194302
    Stock: 2000
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-20-2025

    • 45,978 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from SC to IL*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Greenville, SC / 530 miles away from Springfield, IL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2AE6P9306260
    Stock: 27283260
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $57,772
    great price
    $5,661 below market
    • 5,775 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Old Orchard Nissan (184 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Skokie, IL / 184 miles away from Springfield, IL

    Clean CARFAX.Odometer is 15050 miles below market average! 13/19 City/Highway MPGSensory2024 INFINITI QX80 SensoryMineral Black 5.6L V8 4WD 7-Speed Au...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2BE4R9331689
    Stock: Z2194
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-12-2025

  • New Listing
    • 15,994 miles
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from VA to IL*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Sterling, VA / 654 miles away from Springfield, IL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2AC9P9490348
    Stock: 27058537
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 105,296 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Bring Your Own Bids Retail (451 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Rainbow City, AL / 451 miles away from Springfield, IL

    SUPER CLEAN AND READY TO GO! CALL 2**-8**-2*** TODAY!

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NE0K9229212
    Stock: 229212
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-23-2025

    • 50,844 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to IL*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Irving, TX / 628 miles away from Springfield, IL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2AF7P9756587
    Stock: 27520929
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 59,982 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Grubbs Acura of Tulsa (426 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Tulsa, OK / 426 miles away from Springfield, IL

    Grubbs Acura of Tulsa is proud to present another market priced vehicle that has been through our comprehensive 167 point inspection. 2023 INFINITI QX...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2AE2P9302268
    Stock: P9302268
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-08-2025

    • 117,078 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Bring Your Own Bids Retail (451 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Rainbow City, AL / 451 miles away from Springfield, IL

    1 OWNER! CLEAN CARFAX! GREAT SERVICE HISTORY! REAR DVD, ADAPTIVE CRUISE, SUNROOF! CALL 2**-8**-2*** TODAY!

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2ND0K9850263
    Stock: 850263
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-28-2025

    • 79,501 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Chesapeake, VA / 758 miles away from Springfield, IL

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,3rd Row Seat,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,K...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NE3K9231178
    Stock: K9231178P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 124,100 miles
    • 3 accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Walser Mitsubishi (391 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Burnsville, MN / 391 miles away from Springfield, IL

    At Walser, you’ll get an exceptional car-buying experience. Our streamlined process means you’ll work with one dedicated customer specialist to help y...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NE5H9153043
    Stock: M0044
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-15-2025

  • Stock photo**
    • 103,152 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Perkins Motor Plex Mayfield (218 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Mayfield, KY / 218 miles away from Springfield, IL

    KBB.com 5-Year Cost to Own Awards. Scores 20 Highway MPG and 14 City MPG! This INFINITI QX80 boasts a Premium Unleaded V-8 5.6 L/339 engine powering t...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NF6K9680668
    Stock: 680668
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-14-2025

    • 136,162 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Wiltshire Auto Sales (435 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Greenwood, MS / 435 miles away from Springfield, IL

    Visit Wiltshire Auto Sales online at wiltshireautosales.com to see more pictures of this vehicle or call us at 6**-4**-0*** today to schedule your tes...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NF6K9688284
    Stock: CO10689
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-16-2025

    • 70,956 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Lombard Toyota (165 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Lombard, IL / 165 miles away from Springfield, IL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NE2K9226988
    Stock: 91570
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-08-2025

  • $60,498
    great price
    $5,011 below market
    • 11,260 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Infiniti of Central Arkansas (393 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Benton, AR / 393 miles away from Springfield, IL

    2024 INFINITI QX80 Sensory Hermosa Blue INFINITI CERTIFIED! CLEAN CARFAX, ONE OWNER, NAVIGATION, Bluetooth , REAR VIEW CAMERA, SUNROOF, HEATED/COOLED...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2BE1R9331343
    Stock: R9331343
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-07-2025

Showing 484 - 504 out of 960 listings

Consumer Reviews for the INFINITI QX80

Read recent reviews for the INFINITI QX80
Overall Consumer Rating
3.4 out of 5 stars28 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 28 reviews
  • 5 star
    (32%)
  • 4 star
    (18%)
  • 3 star
    (18%)
  • 2 star
    (21%)
  • 1 star
    (11%)
4 out of 5 stars

My 5th INFINITI

JTitan, 04/21/2020
2019 INFINITI QX80 LUXE 4dr SUV 4WD (5.6L 8cyl 7A)
This is my fifth INFINITI product, I had have many of their smaller cars and suvs in the past and was very happy. I decided to get something bigger for family use to travel comfortably. The ride quality and interior are excellent, safety systems work great! Reliability keeps me coming back to the brand as all of my INFINITI products have been flawless! This is a very comfortable long … distance cruiser, the rear seat entertainment is easy to use and the heated/cooled seats work quick. Leather quality is good and is resistant to discoloring (I have the wheat colored quilted leather). Overall the only knock is the technology is badly outdated but still does the basics. Gas mileage is predictable for a large naturally aspirated V8, the sound it makes is great and has strong, smooth acceleration! Overall I would buy again as this is an excellent luxury family do everything proper (truck based) suv!
Report abuse

Used 2019 INFINITI QX80 in Springfield, IL Values

Estimated values
2019 INFINITI QX80 LUXE 4dr SUV 4WD (5.6L 8cyl 7A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$20,907$23,969$26,689
Clean$20,466$23,460$26,117
Average$19,731$22,610$25,163
Rough$18,776$21,506$23,924

The average list price of a used 2019 INFINITI QX80 in Springfield, Illinois is $37,694. The average mileage on a used INFINITI QX80 2019 for sale in Springfield, Illinois is 78,702. Based on the average mileage of 78,702 for used 2019 INFINITI QX80 for sale in Springfield, IL and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used INFINITI QX80 2019 in Springfield, Illinois to be $19,731.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.