Skip to FiltersReport abuse
990 listings
- $19,577good price
- 48,127 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 5 Seats
- McKinney Buick GMC (426 mi away)
Close
Located in McKinney, TX / 426 miles away from Laredo, TX
Clean CARFAX.Silver Ice Metallic 2020 Chevrolet Blazer LT Odometer is 12550 miles below market average! 19/26 City/Highway MPG++Apple CarPlay and/or A...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
Listing Information:
VIN: 3GNKBCRS0LS646037
Stock: LS646037
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 06-26-2025 - $24,590good price
- 29,330 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
- 5 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
- Carvana - Dallas (400 mi away)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Dallas, TX / 400 miles away from Laredo, TX
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 3GNKBHR42NS164834
Stock: 2003823615
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 06-20-2025 - $34,496fair price
- 14,267 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 5 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
- Lone Star Chevrolet (289 mi away)
Close
Located in Houston, TX / 289 miles away from Laredo, TX
2022 Chevrolet Blazer RS. 1-Owner. Clean Carfax. STORAGE OPTIMIZATION PACKAGE, PREFERRED EQUIPMENT GROUP, CONVENIENCE PACKAGE, CHEVROLET INFOTAINMENT ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
21 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 3GNKBKRS7NS237319
Stock: PNS237319
Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
Listed since: 05-14-2025 - $20,700fair price
- 106,692 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 5 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
- Holiday Chevrolet (453 mi away)
Close
Located in Whitesboro, TX / 453 miles away from Laredo, TX
Bluetooth, Hands-Free connection, Leather Seats, Heated Seats, Navigation, Backup Camera, Remote Start, Apple CarPlay, Google Android Auto, Blazer Pre...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
21 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 3GNKBFRSXLS574605
Stock: CU574605
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 04-21-2025 - $25,000fair price
- 24,816 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 5 Seats, 22 City / 29 Hwy MPG
- Round Rock Honda (236 mi away)
Close
Located in Round Rock, TX / 236 miles away from Laredo, TX
** ROUND ROCK HONDA TIME ** ** 2022 CHEVY BLAZER LT ** ** SUMMIT WHITE WITH BLACK CLOTH ** ** ROUND ROCK HONDA $$ 25,000 **
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
25 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 3GNKBCR44NS173716
Stock: HA173716
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 07-07-2025 - $25,198fair price
- 25,013 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 5 Seats, 22 City / 29 Hwy MPG
- Ingram Park Mazda (145 mi away)
Close
Located in San Antonio, TX / 145 miles away from Laredo, TX
CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. Odometer is 4985 miles below market average! Black 2022 Chevrolet Blazer LT FWD 2.0L Turbocharged 9-Speed Automatic wi...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
25 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 3GNKBCR40NS180467
Stock: M180467
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 06-05-2025 - New Listing$24,998good price
- 86,481 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 5 Seats, 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
- CarMax San Antonio (151 mi away)
Close
Located in San Antonio, TX / 151 miles away from Laredo, TX
CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 3GNKBERS5NS138662
Stock: 27294961
Certified Pre-Owned: No - $21,100fair price
- 113,018 miles
- No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
- 5 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
- Driveway (283 mi away)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in San Angelo, TX / 283 miles away from Laredo, TX
CarFax No Accidents Reported,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
21 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 3GNKBERS3LS592485
Stock: LS592485P
Certified Pre-Owned: No - $25,021fair price
- 24,285 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
- 5 Seats, 22 City / 29 Hwy MPG
- Bruce Lowrie Chevrolet (379 mi away)
Close
Located in Fort Worth, TX / 379 miles away from Laredo, TX
CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. Odometer is 4871 miles below market average! 6-Speaker Audio System Feature, Alloy wheels, Apple CarPlay/Android Auto,...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
25 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 3GNKBCR44NS180164
Stock: 3573
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 05-29-2025 - $23,996good price
- 83,665 miles
- No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
- 5 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
- Mac Haik's Southway Ford (140 mi away)
Close
Located in San Antonio, TX / 140 miles away from Laredo, TX
This 2020 Chevrolet Blazer RS in Bright Blue Metallic includes the following features: 3.6L V6 SIDI DOHC VVT 9-Speed Automatic AWD Enhanced Convenienc...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 3GNKBKRS0LS621746
Stock: P14631
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 05-20-2025 - $25,383fair price
- 51,534 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 5 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
- AutoNation Toyota Corpus Christi (133 mi away)
- Five Star Dealer
Close
Located in Corpus Christi, TX / 133 miles away from Laredo, TX
Driver Confidence Ii PackageSunroof; Power Panoramic; Tilt-Sliding With Power SunshadeWheels; 21" (53.3 Cm) Pearl Nickel AluminumPanoramic RoofLea...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
21 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 3GNKBFRS8LS703182
Stock: LS703182
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 07-10-2025 - $27,687good price
- 39,000 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 5 Seats, 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
- Traditions Chevrolet (251 mi away)
Close
Located in East Bernard, TX / 251 miles away from Laredo, TX
Clean CARFAX. CARBRAVO CERTIFIED. CARFAX One-Owner. Odometer is 5087 miles below market average! Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! 19/27 City/High...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 3GNKBERS1NS191021
Stock: P3240
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 04-03-2025 - $24,947good price
- 7,313 miles
- 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
- 5 Seats, 22 City / 29 Hwy MPG
- Van Hyundai (408 mi away)
Close
Located in Carrollton, TX / 408 miles away from Laredo, TX
Experience the Thrill of the Road with the 2022 Chevrolet Blazer LT – Where Style Meets Performance in a Red Hot PackageStep into the world o...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: No
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
25 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 3GNKBCR4XNS174644
Stock: NS174644
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 06-25-2025 - New Listing
Close
Located in Baytown, TX / 316 miles away from Laredo, TX
2020 Chevrolet Blazer LT features a 3.6L V6, SIDI, DOHC Engine ($500 option) with a Redline Edition ($1,895 option), Confidence Package ($1,845 option...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.
Features and Specs:
Listing Information:
VIN: 3GNKBCRSXLS664870
Stock: C664870
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 07-16-2025 - $24,977fair price
- 45,593 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 5 Seats, 22 City / 29 Hwy MPG
- James Wood Chevrolet Buick GMC Decatur (411 mi away)
- Five Star Dealer
Close
Located in Decatur, TX / 411 miles away from Laredo, TX
CARFAX 1-Owner, Excellent Condition, ONLY 45,593 Miles! LT trim. FUEL EFFICIENT 29 MPG Hwy/22 MPG City! Dual Zone A/C, Onboard Communications System, ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
25 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 3GNKBCR42NS140942
Stock: 152845A1
Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
Listed since: 06-28-2025 - $29,999good price
- 35,899 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
- 5 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
- Jupiter Chevrolet (407 mi away)
Close
Located in Garland, TX / 407 miles away from Laredo, TX
CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX.Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price!2022 Chevrolet Blazer RS AWD Red HotAWD, 1st & 2nd Row All-Weather Floor Lin...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
21 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 3GNKBKRS4NS138053
Stock: F30310
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 05-19-2025 - $22,998good price
- 47,280 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 5 Seats, 22 City / 29 Hwy MPG
- CarMax Alliance (396 mi away)
Close
Located in Fort Worth, TX / 396 miles away from Laredo, TX
CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
25 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 3GNKBCR41NS138535
Stock: 27242011
Certified Pre-Owned: No - New Listing$23,590good price
- 48,413 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 5 Seats, 22 City / 29 Hwy MPG
- Carvana - Dallas (400 mi away)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Dallas, TX / 400 miles away from Laredo, TX
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
25 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 3GNKBCR42NS123266
Stock: 2003850510
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 07-03-2025 - $25,491fair price
- 11,484 miles
- 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
- 5 Seats, 22 City / 29 Hwy MPG
- Reliable Chevrolet Texas (412 mi away)
Close
Located in Richardson, TX / 412 miles away from Laredo, TX
Summit White 2022 Chevrolet Blazer LT FWD 9-Speed Automatic with Overdrive 2.0L Turbocharged Black Roof Rails, Convenience Driver Confidence Package, ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: No
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
25 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 3GNKBCR49NS143126
Stock: 25C646
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 06-25-2025 - New Listing$21,998fair price
- 49,541 miles
- No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
- 5 Seats, 21 City / 27 Hwy MPG
- CarMax Southwest Freeway (287 mi away)
Close
Located in Houston, TX / 287 miles away from Laredo, TX
CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
23 Combined MPG (21 City/27 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 3GNKBBRA4LS659603
Stock: 27625037
Certified Pre-Owned: No - $21,990fair price
- 85,995 miles
- No accidents, 2 owners, government vehicle
- 5 Seats
- Carvana - Dallas (400 mi away)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Dallas, TX / 400 miles away from Laredo, TX
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
Listing Information:
VIN: 3GNKBHRS2LS568471
Stock: 2003850695
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 07-04-2025
Showing 64 - 84 out of 990 listings
Consumer Reviews for the Chevrolet Blazer
Read recent reviews for the Chevrolet Blazer
Pros and Cons - Blazer AWD Premier 6 cyl,
Larry Abas, 07/31/2021
2021 Chevrolet Blazer Premier 4dr SUV AWD (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 9A)
About Me:
I'm 6' 3", my son is 6' 7". We look at GM as brand that supports tall drivers and passengers. I want a car that has safety features especially automatic braking, high resolution backup camera, and wide enough that 2 adults can share the center arm rest. ( I hate theaters with shared arm rests). I rarely tow, but want the option. 4WD is must in Canadian Winters. A heated … steering wheel is a must for me. If your hands feel warm, the rest of you does too. Remote start should preheat or cool the cabin, not just start the engine. I look for a vehicle that has good handling and precise steering and no torque steer at low and medium acceleration. In 4WD no torque steer should be noticeable at high acceleration. Tech integration is important to me.
The cons:
The head room in the back is low for my 6' 7 son, he can fit a bit squashed. The adjust-steering wheel button on side of steering wheel can be hit by a tall persons knee causing the steering wheel to lower and crush knee. Two memory settings with 3 drivers is a problem. Lastly, the passenger side wiper pivots from the center of the car, leaving a "blind spot" for tall passengers. (I prefer pivoting from the edges which has better coverage. 21" tires are a bit noisy on bumpy roads. Doors don't automatically relock if you accidentally pocket-press. (yes option to auto-lock is selected). Hands free rear hatch open, often takes 2 try's of foot waving. The memory settings need more features to understand my wife and I like different display options. OnStar day-to-day use with a 10 minute response time is too slow to be useful. The SD card slot in a user accessible area with map data makes no sense to me. My SD card shows an error and after 1 month still trying to get a service appointment, was fixed with a new SD card.
The discovered good:
Gas mileage for me was better than sticker using adaptive cruise control on the highway. Engine changes to 4 cylinders when 6 are not needed. The twin clutch with torque vectoring pulls you through corners on the highway is so extremely satisfying, making you feel like you are driving on a banked turn. The rear head rests have tilt buttons on them, so that they don't hit the front seat when folding the rear seats down. All windows can be lowered from the remote ( just not raised). This helps as you approach the car on hot days. The wireless android auto and wireless charger are musts for my wife that hates wires and mess. Tested with iphone XR, and Samsung S21. Room for charging 2 phones would be nice though.
The Vehicle's Amazon Echo is functional via cell phone without an OnStar data plan. This is handy.
I have not had to clean the rear camera often. The automatic cleaner does the job perfectly. The headlight beam pattern is interesting. On my garage door this shows that light is projected in the most intelligent way with a hard horizontal line. I suspect these will perform well in fog and reduce light into the eyes of oncoming traffic. The seat cooling works but fan can be a bit noisy on high. Sun Visor vanity lights are soft-start, giving your eyes time to adjust.
The awesome must-have features once you try them:
Adaptive cruise control is amazing, its faster reacting than me, but controls speed much like I would.
The must have haptic seat for alert warnings is so much better than beeping, especially when having conversations. It alerts you to the direction of the hazard. I want one of those for my XBOX.
Rear Cross Traffic alert, sees things before I do.
Hotspot access - I can connect the Blazer to my homes WIFI network, or to my cellphones hot spot.
Bose Speakers - excellent HQ sound for streaming from phone. Sirius radio sounds flat and unappealing to me.
Additional items after 8 months of ownership:
The 4 wheel drive and handling in deep snow, 4 inches with a few 16 " snow banks to cross, was great with no notice pull to either side when accelerating or braking.
Automatic braking works well, my wife has tested it 3 times!
USB MP3 play back works great and saves some bandwidth
The electronic parking brake works well, the main advantage is that no pedal or hand-lever needed, making more space available for your feet or console.
Zero issues with the wireless phone charger, unlike my Chevy Cruze, which never worked with anything.
Garage door open buttons do no light up, making them hard to find in the dark.
More testing needed:
Tire Fill Alert: did not beep when adjusting tire pressure resulting in over inflation. More testing needed, perhaps the pressure has to be lower first.
Small issue with music streaming from my cell phone, with music pausing ever other second. This needs more testing and was cleared by turning the phone's WIFI on and off.
Features Desired:
Auto Tilt mirrors for parking. The car is wide parking spaces are not.
2 more loops at rear hatch to hang cargo net with 4 tie points.
hooks that attach to cargo organizer bar to hold shopping bags.
Cheap 21" winter rims.
Brighter day time running lights.
Paddle shifter or equivalent for downshifting before passing.
Ejection seat on wife's side.
Used 2020 Chevrolet Blazer in Laredo, TX Values
Estimated values
2020 Chevrolet Blazer 2LT 4dr SUV (3.6L 6cyl 9A) with no options
| Condition | Trade-In | Private Party | Dealer Retail |
|---|---|---|---|
| Outstanding | $17,450 | $19,729 | $21,925 |
| Clean | $16,998 | $19,212 | $21,343 |
| Average | $16,245 | $18,351 | $20,374 |
| Rough | $15,266 | $17,230 | $19,114 |
The average list price of a used 2020 Chevrolet Blazer in Laredo, Texas is $24,411. The average mileage on a used Chevrolet Blazer 2020 for sale in Laredo, Texas is 49,828. Based on the average mileage of 49,828 for used 2020 Chevrolet Blazer for sale in Laredo, TX and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Chevrolet Blazer 2020 in Laredo, Texas to be $16,245.
Filters
Skip to ResultsApplied Filters4Active
Make & Model
Year
New / Used
Price & Payments
Price Rating
Body Type
Trim
Mileage
Accidents & History
Engine & Drivetrain
Exterior Color
Interior Color
Total Seating
Edmunds Review
Features
Options & Packages
MPG
* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.