Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
561 listings
  • New Listing
    $48,998
    fair price
    $819 above market
    • 18,452 miles
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from WI to OH*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Madison, WI / 395 miles away from Columbus, OH

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A54NLB00663
    Stock: 27551144
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Stock photo**
    $58,458
    fair price
    $485 above market
    • 37,928 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Porsche Dublin (9 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Dublin, OH / 9 miles away from Columbus, OH

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AG2A58NLB24513
    Stock: PO3136A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 09-13-2025

    • 1,706 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • Driveway (170 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Farmington Hills, MI / 170 miles away from Columbus, OH

    Low Mileage,Rare Find,Green Vehicle,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Heated Ste...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2XA0RL001491
    Stock: RL001491R
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $22,690
    fair price
    $701 above market
    • 70,207 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • J-Rus (183 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Township, MI / 183 miles away from Columbus, OH

    J-Rus Inc. is pleased to currently offer this 2018 Porsche Macan AWD 4dr SUV finished in Black exterior on Tan Leather interior. This Porsche Macan co...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A55JLB08586
    Stock: JR-B08586
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-19-2025

  • New Listing
    • 15,774 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 1,660 miles away from Columbus, OH

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A58JLB08341
    Stock: 2004004969
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-19-2025

  • Price Drop
    $26,990
    fair price
    $279 above market
    • 59,842 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 438 miles away from Columbus, OH

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A50JLB07331
    Stock: 2003976687
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-14-2025

  • New Listing
    $32,999
    fair price
    $225 below market
    • 71,101 miles
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Foreign Auto Connect (197 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Bloomington, IN / 197 miles away from Columbus, OH

    CLEAN - NON SMOKER - 2018 PORSCHE MACAN TURBO AWD - NAVIGATION - BACK UP CAMERA - HEATED & COOLD SEATS - PANORAMIC ROOF - ALCANTARA HEADLINER - BLA...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AF2A51JLB70861
    Stock: B70861
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-21-2025

  • $28,375
    fair price
    $645 above market
    • 74,648 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Porsche Fort Wayne (137 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Fort Wayne, IN / 137 miles away from Columbus, OH

    Proud to be Indiana's Dealer of the Year and Winner of the Consumer Satisfaction. 2018 Porsche Macan Sport Edition 2.0L I4 Turbocharged AWD WhiteFront...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A5XJLB13413
    Stock: J30749B
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 08-08-2025

  • New Listing
    • 68,800 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 912 miles away from Columbus, OH

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AB2A54JLB31872
    Stock: 2004036101
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-03-2025

  • $40,998
    fair price
    $498 below market
    • 46,632 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TN to OH*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Nashville, TN / 339 miles away from Columbus, OH

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A59NLB10167
    Stock: 27690894
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $39,998
    fair price
    $147 below market
    • 49,013 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CO to OH*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Littleton, CO / 1,164 miles away from Columbus, OH

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A56NLB06853
    Stock: 27436526
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 114,151 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Maplewood, MN / 616 miles away from Columbus, OH

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Leather Seats,Satellite Radio,Turbo/Supercharged,7-Speed A/T,Power Door Locks,Satel...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A55JLB13058
    Stock: JLB13058A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 23,442 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Bentley Indianapolis (164 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 164 miles away from Columbus, OH

    Options are subject to customer verification prior to purchase*Factory MSRP: $94,960-Premium Package Plus -Sport Chrono Package -Panoramic Roof System...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AF2A59NLB31022
    Stock: NLB31022
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-10-2025

  • New Listing
    • 23,317 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NC to OH*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 358 miles away from Columbus, OH

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A5XNLB07228
    Stock: 27661095
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $98,225
    great price
    $17,532 below market
    • 6,412 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • Driveway (170 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Farmington Hills, MI / 170 miles away from Columbus, OH

    Rare Find,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Leather Seats,Navigation System,Satellite Radio,Turbo/Superch...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AF2A50SLB50201
    Stock: SLB50201
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 92,012 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Szott M-59 Chrysler Jeep (183 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in White Lake, MI / 183 miles away from Columbus, OH

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AB2A57JLB37925
    Stock: JLB37925P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-31-2025

    • 28,764 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 912 miles away from Columbus, OH

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AB2A50JLB39483
    Stock: 2004030887
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-13-2025

    • 94,580 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Teamray Motorsports (87 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Bellevue, OH / 87 miles away from Columbus, OH

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A52JLB22199
    Stock: 7307
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-31-2024

    • 30,330 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Sherman Oaks, CA / 1,980 miles away from Columbus, OH

    Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Leather Seats,Navigation System,Satellite Radio,Turbo/Supercharged,WiFi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A5XNLB11148
    Stock: NLB11148T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 59,023 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 2,043 miles away from Columbus, OH

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A50JLB24615
    Stock: 2003928417
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-26-2025

  • New Listing
    • 56,798 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Salt Lake City, UT / 1,511 miles away from Columbus, OH

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A55JLB07549
    Stock: 2004033530
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-11-2025

Showing 274 - 294 out of 561 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Porsche Macan

Read recent reviews for the Porsche Macan
Overall Consumer Rating
4.6 out of 5 stars26 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 26 reviews
  • 5 star
    (69%)
  • 4 star
    (19%)
  • 3 star
    (12%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
5 out of 5 stars

DOUBLED DOWN! Upgraded from Base to GTS

MAPC, 08/29/2020
2020 Porsche Macan GTS 4dr SUV AWD (2.9L 6cyl Turbo 7AM)
First- this review is NOT to say that the Base isn't a great car--IT IS. I owned my 2018 for two years and LOVED it. I have owned many cars and have only 2 other times ever bought another version of a car I had already owned- and this is the first time that I am doing in back to back. The build quality, interior fit and finish is fantastic. Nothing feels as good- at any price. In terms … of size, it is true that this is not a 'family hauler'- which is exactly why I like it so much. I have owned a Cayenne S in the past but I just prefer smaller cars- even though I am a bigger guy. My favorite car of all time (until now!) has been my GTI- and this feels like a bigger/higher end/big-boy version of my GTI. Yes, they are expensive. Yes, they charge you extra for many things that others provide in their base prices....but, to me, it is well worth it. I looked at x3 M40i, Stelvio, Velar, etc and none of them comes close to the build quality, handling and overall performance of the Macan. BASE- absolutely good enough if you are not a performance junkee S- great all around, you won't regret spending the $ for it if you can afford it GTS- definitely the 'one to get' for the true Porsche experience in a CUV TURBO- certainly appealing but, IMHO, only if you load it up with the performance/handling features that are standard in the GTS but optional in the Turbo If you are considering a Macan- go for it- you will not regret it.
Report abuse

Used 2022 Porsche Macan in Columbus, OH Values

Estimated values
2022 Porsche Macan 4dr SUV AWD (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 7AM) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$31,384$33,848$36,418
Clean$30,966$33,379$35,894
Average$30,269$32,598$35,022
Rough$29,363$31,582$33,887

The average list price of a used 2022 Porsche Macan in Columbus, Ohio is $41,975. The average mileage on a used Porsche Macan 2022 for sale in Columbus, Ohio is 49,663. Based on the average mileage of 49,663 for used 2022 Porsche Macan for sale in Columbus, OH and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Porsche Macan 2022 in Columbus, Ohio to be $30,269.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

EV Details

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.