Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
924 listings
  • Price Drop
    $21,749
    great price
    $5,959 below market
    • 46,241 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Victory Cars Central (22 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Levittown, NY / 22 miles away from Bronx, NY

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A58JLB12566
    Stock: 1956C
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-23-2025

  • $36,995
    fair price
    $991 above market
    • 43,381 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Major World Chevrolet (5 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Long Island City, NY / 5 miles away from Bronx, NY

    CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. 2021 Porsche Macan Base Automatic temperature control, Exterior Parking Camera Rear, Front dual zone A/C, Front fog li...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A50MLB05096
    Stock: M73917
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-09-2025

  • Price Drop
    $26,604
    great price
    $7,129 below market
    • 39,143 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Empire Mazda of Huntington (27 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Huntington Station, NY / 27 miles away from Bronx, NY

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A58JLB19842
    Stock: 1060UT
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-27-2025

  • Price Drop
    $37,855
    fair price
    $357 below market
    • 33,328 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (20 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Ramsey, NJ / 20 miles away from Bronx, NY

    Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Leather Seats,Navigation System,Satellite Radio,Turbo/Supercharged,WiFi Hotspot,4 Cylinder Engine,4-Wheel Disc B...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A54MLB10317
    Stock: L17541T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $41,998
    fair price
    $1,484 above market
    • 28,911 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Maple Shade (84 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Maple Shade, NJ / 84 miles away from Bronx, NY

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A50MLB16048
    Stock: 27379460
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $44,099
    great price
    $5,933 below market
    • 18,176 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Habberstad BMW (27 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Huntington Station, NY / 27 miles away from Bronx, NY

    This 2022 Porsche Macan , has a Night Blue Metallic exterior and a Black/Mojave Beige interior. Please call us at 855-785-7419 and reference st...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A59NLB05809
    Stock: LB05809U
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-21-2025

    • 27,773 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Quality Auto Center of Springfield (25 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Springfield, NJ / 25 miles away from Bronx, NY

    This 2021 Porsche Macan is proudly offered by Quality Auto Center This Porsche Macan offers all the comforts of a well-optioned sedan with the utility...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A56MLB06804
    Stock: 13989
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-16-2025

    • 11,180 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Porsche Gold Coast (17 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Westbury, NY / 17 miles away from Bronx, NY

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AB2A50MLB37351
    Stock: MLB37351
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-18-2025

    • 24,646 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Porsche South Shore (20 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Freeport, NY / 20 miles away from Bronx, NY

    Porsche South Shore & McGovern Automotive Group is proud to present this...Certified. White 2021 Porsche Macan 2.0L I4 Turbocharged 7-Speed Porsche Do...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A50MLB18124
    Stock: PU1364
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 03-19-2025

  • $19,942
    great price
    $5,870 below market
    • 78,463 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Excel Auto Lounge (52 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Hightstown, NJ / 52 miles away from Bronx, NY

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AB2A55JLB35851
    Stock: JLB35851
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-12-2025

    • 28,899 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Porsche South Shore (20 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Freeport, NY / 20 miles away from Bronx, NY

    Porsche South Shore & McGovern Automotive Group is proud to present this....Certified. White 2021 Porsche Macan 2.0L I4 Turbocharged 7-Speed Porsche D...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A52MLB16066
    Stock: PN3129A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 12-21-2024

    • 40,985 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Northstar Kia (5 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Woodside, NY / 5 miles away from Bronx, NY

    EquipmentSee what's behind you with the back up camera on this model. Bluetooth technology is built into the Porsche Macan, keeping your hands...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A55MLB12674
    Stock: KU3476
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-15-2024

    • 40,314 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Victory Mitsubishi (5 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Bronx, NY / 5 miles away from Bronx, NY

    Welcome to Victory Mitsubishi! We offer a combined inventory of 700 cars new and luxury used vehicles. All Used vehicles come with a quality assurance...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AB2A52MLB36184
    Stock: 28477
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-14-2025

  • $38,700
    great price
    $9,597 below market
    • 46,909 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Northstar Kia (5 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Woodside, NY / 5 miles away from Bronx, NY

    EquipmentGood News! This certified CARFAX 1-owner vehicle has only had one owner before you. Engulf yourself with the crystal clear sound of a...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A54NLB11789
    Stock: KU3732
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-19-2024

    • 32,944 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Danbury Porsche (44 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Danbury, CT / 44 miles away from Bronx, NY

    Certified. 2021 Porsche Macan White S 14-Way Power Seats, Automatically Dimming Exterior Mirrors, Automatically Dimming Interior Mirrors, BOSE Surroun...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AB2A52MLB31714
    Stock: P25246A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-12-2025

  • Price Drop
    $50,960
    great price
    $7,041 below market
    • 7,223 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Porsche of Wallingford (70 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Wallingford, CT / 70 miles away from Bronx, NY

    *Porsche of Wallingford* is committed to delivering an exceptional car-buying experience. Whether in-person or online, our knowledgeable team is ready...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A5XNLB08573
    Stock: W2792
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-03-2025

  • New Listing
    • 26,509 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Porsche Gold Coast (17 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Westbury, NY / 17 miles away from Bronx, NY

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A57MLB09274
    Stock: MLB09274
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-13-2025

    • 74,943 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Wallingford Auto Park (71 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Wallingford, CT / 71 miles away from Bronx, NY

    Advertised price does not include state or local taxes, registration costs, or dealer conveyance fee of $799 (which is subject to negotiation) not inc...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A56KLB00191
    Stock: 19232
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-14-2025

    • 21,986 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Porsche Gold Coast (17 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Westbury, NY / 17 miles away from Bronx, NY

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: Yes

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AB2A57MLB37329
    Stock: MLB37329
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-18-2025

  • Price Drop
    $45,880
    great price
    $7,649 below market
    • 73,334 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (18 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Verona, NJ / 18 miles away from Bronx, NY

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Apple CarPlay,Automatic Parking,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Whe...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AG2A53NLB21230
    Stock: MAJ3530
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $24,750
    great price
    $4,686 below market
    • 32,886 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Lexus of Queens (5 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Long Island City, NY / 5 miles away from Bronx, NY

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A52JLB24891
    Stock: QX15079
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-29-2025

Showing 22 - 42 out of 924 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Porsche Macan

Read recent reviews for the Porsche Macan
Overall Consumer Rating
4.6 out of 5 stars26 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 26 reviews
  • 5 star
    (69%)
  • 4 star
    (19%)
  • 3 star
    (12%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
5 out of 5 stars

DOUBLED DOWN! Upgraded from Base to GTS

MAPC, 08/29/2020
2020 Porsche Macan GTS 4dr SUV AWD (2.9L 6cyl Turbo 7AM)
First- this review is NOT to say that the Base isn't a great car--IT IS. I owned my 2018 for two years and LOVED it. I have owned many cars and have only 2 other times ever bought another version of a car I had already owned- and this is the first time that I am doing in back to back. The build quality, interior fit and finish is fantastic. Nothing feels as good- at any price. In terms … of size, it is true that this is not a 'family hauler'- which is exactly why I like it so much. I have owned a Cayenne S in the past but I just prefer smaller cars- even though I am a bigger guy. My favorite car of all time (until now!) has been my GTI- and this feels like a bigger/higher end/big-boy version of my GTI. Yes, they are expensive. Yes, they charge you extra for many things that others provide in their base prices....but, to me, it is well worth it. I looked at x3 M40i, Stelvio, Velar, etc and none of them comes close to the build quality, handling and overall performance of the Macan. BASE- absolutely good enough if you are not a performance junkee S- great all around, you won't regret spending the $ for it if you can afford it GTS- definitely the 'one to get' for the true Porsche experience in a CUV TURBO- certainly appealing but, IMHO, only if you load it up with the performance/handling features that are standard in the GTS but optional in the Turbo If you are considering a Macan- go for it- you will not regret it.
Report abuse

Used 2018 Porsche Macan in Bronx, NY Values

Estimated values
2018 Porsche Macan 4dr SUV AWD (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 7AM) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$20,185$24,005$27,146
Clean$19,694$23,407$26,455
Average$18,875$22,410$25,303
Rough$17,810$21,115$23,805

The average list price of a used 2018 Porsche Macan in Bronx, New York is $39,195. The average mileage on a used Porsche Macan 2018 for sale in Bronx, New York is 37,056. Based on the average mileage of 37,056 for used 2018 Porsche Macan for sale in Bronx, NY and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Porsche Macan 2018 in Bronx, New York to be $18,875.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

EV Details

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.