Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
309 listings
    • 74,966 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Metro Nissan of Dallas (18 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Farmers Branch, TX / 18 miles away from McKinney, TX

    2020 INFINITI QX80 LUXEDoing It Right! Exclusive Benefits at Metro Nissan of Dallas At Metro Nissan of Dallas, we go beyond certification—we offer e...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: Yes

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NF0L9703525
    Stock: P3441
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-31-2025

    • 100,836 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Autos of Fort Worth (53 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Fort Worth, TX / 53 miles away from McKinney, TX

    Welcome to Autos of Fort Worth!Autos of Fort Worth is a family owned business that cares about their customers! We hand select our inventory to make s...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NF1L9702271
    Stock: P1464
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 98,260 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Peltier Nissan (99 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Tyler, TX / 99 miles away from McKinney, TX

    **NAVIGATION**, **SUNROOF**, **POWER LIFTGATE**, **3RD ROW SEATING**, **LEATHER SEATS**, **POWER SEAT**, **TEEN SAFE**, **LOCAL TRADE IN**, **LOW MILE...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NF9L9703796
    Stock: PN12893
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-24-2025

  • New Listing
    • 94,510 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • AutoNation Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram North Fort Worth (39 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Fort Worth, TX / 39 miles away from McKinney, TX

    [K03] Edition 30 PackageSun/MoonroofLeather SeatsNavigation System3rd Row Seat[B92] Roof Rail Cross Bars[L92] Cargo PackageLane Keeping Assist...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NF2L9701386
    Stock: L9701386
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-28-2025

    • 80,579 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (27 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Grapevine, TX / 27 miles away from McKinney, TX

    Rare Find,3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Start,Lane De...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NE1L9255464
    Stock: L9255464DW
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 85,685 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Hi-Line Motors (12 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Plano, TX / 12 miles away from McKinney, TX

    Now available is this exceptionally clean and well-equipped 2020 INFINITI QX80 LUXE, a Carfax 1-Owner full-size luxury SUV that offers bold design, re...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NF9L9701613
    Stock: 701613
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-14-2025

    • 137,487 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Whips (16 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Carrollton, TX / 16 miles away from McKinney, TX

    2019 INFINITI QX80 LUXE Sport Utility 4D V8, 5.6 Liter Automatic, 7-Spd Adaptive w/Manual Mode & Downshift Rev Matching RWD

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NF0K9684828
    Stock: 684828
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 81,291 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Waxahachie Dodge Chrysler Jeep Ram (52 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Waxahachie, TX / 52 miles away from McKinney, TX

    Champagne Quartz 2021 INFINITI QX80 LUXE 5.6L V8 RWD 7-Speed Automatic2 Years Free Oil Changes. Recent Arrival!

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2AF8M9718703
    Stock: PF14243
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-17-2025

    • 66,535 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 8 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Tradeline Motorcars (16 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Carrollton, TX / 16 miles away from McKinney, TX

    CARFAX One-Owner. Moonstone White 2021 INFINITI QX80 Sensory RWD 7-Speed Automatic 5.6L V8 All-Season Floor Mats, All-Season Package, Cargo Package, C...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2BD1M9861280
    Stock: 861280
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-03-2022

    • 62,279 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Waxahachie Dodge Chrysler Jeep Ram (52 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Waxahachie, TX / 52 miles away from McKinney, TX

    Moonstone White 2021 INFINITI QX80 LUXE 5.6L V8 RWD 7-Speed Automatic2 Years Free Oil Changes. Recent Arrival! Odometer is 25135 miles below market ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2AF7M9715016
    Stock: PF14278
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-21-2025

    • 98,696 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Rockwall Chrysler Dodge Jeep RAM (23 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Rockwall, TX / 23 miles away from McKinney, TX

    Very Nice. Hermosa Blue exterior and Graphite interior. Heated Leather Seats, Third Row Seat, Moonroof, Nav System, Aluminum Wheels, Quad Bucket Seats...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2AF1M9720700
    Stock: M9720700
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-04-2025

    • 97,539 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Hi-Line Motors (12 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Plano, TX / 12 miles away from McKinney, TX

    The 2021 INFINITI QX80 LUXE AWD in the elegant Graphite Shadow exterior is a testament to luxury and power combined. Its commanding presence on the ro...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2AE4M9271147
    Stock: 271147
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-03-2025

    • 68,892 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Hi-Line Motors (12 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Plano, TX / 12 miles away from McKinney, TX

    This stunning Carfax 1-Owner 2019 INFINITI QX80 LUXE RWD exudes sophistication and style with its captivating Moonstone White exterior, perfectly comp...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NF2K9683681
    Stock: 683681
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-21-2025

    • 83,656 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Dallas (26 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 26 miles away from McKinney, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NE4K9229472
    Stock: 2003861423
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-15-2025

    • 70,720 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Texas Stadium (Irving) (26 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Irving, TX / 26 miles away from McKinney, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2AF8M9719138
    Stock: 27495093
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 140,565 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Metro Auto Sales (36 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Arlington, TX / 36 miles away from McKinney, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NF0K9686126
    Stock: M6121
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 29,640 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Autos of Dallas - Plano (12 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Plano, TX / 12 miles away from McKinney, TX

    Navigation, Back-Up Camera, Sun Roof, Heated Seats, Keyless Go, Blind Spot Monitor, 20IN Wheels, 3rd Row Seats, Rear Spoiler, Engine Immobilizer, Runn...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2AF4N9741767
    Stock: 741767
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-20-2024

    • 122,248 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Skylane Auto Source (16 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Carrollton, TX / 16 miles away from McKinney, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2AF5M9720148
    Stock: 720148
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 46,282 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Autos of Dallas - Plano (12 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Plano, TX / 12 miles away from McKinney, TX

    Navigation, Back-Up Camera, Sun Roof, Heated Seats, Keyless Go, Blind Spot Monitor, 20IN Wheels, 3rd Row Seats, Rear Spoiler, Engine Immobilizer, Runn...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2AF3N9741856
    Stock: 741856
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-26-2025

    • 101,187 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • IMD MOTORS (21 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 21 miles away from McKinney, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NFXJ9660163
    Stock: 660163
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-23-2025

  • New Listing
    • 142,515 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Always A Way Automotive (23 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 23 miles away from McKinney, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NE6J9190205
    Stock: 190205
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 1 - 21 out of 309 listings

Consumer Reviews for the INFINITI QX80

Read recent reviews for the INFINITI QX80
Overall Consumer Rating
3.4 out of 5 stars32 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 32 reviews
  • 5 star
    (34%)
  • 4 star
    (13%)
  • 3 star
    (19%)
  • 2 star
    (25%)
  • 1 star
    (9%)
4 out of 5 stars

My 5th INFINITI

JTitan, 04/21/2020
2019 INFINITI QX80 LUXE 4dr SUV 4WD (5.6L 8cyl 7A)
This is my fifth INFINITI product, I had have many of their smaller cars and suvs in the past and was very happy. I decided to get something bigger for family use to travel comfortably. The ride quality and interior are excellent, safety systems work great! Reliability keeps me coming back to the brand as all of my INFINITI products have been flawless! This is a very comfortable long … distance cruiser, the rear seat entertainment is easy to use and the heated/cooled seats work quick. Leather quality is good and is resistant to discoloring (I have the wheat colored quilted leather). Overall the only knock is the technology is badly outdated but still does the basics. Gas mileage is predictable for a large naturally aspirated V8, the sound it makes is great and has strong, smooth acceleration! Overall I would buy again as this is an excellent luxury family do everything proper (truck based) suv!
Report abuse

Used 2020 INFINITI QX80 in McKinney, TX Values

Estimated values
2020 INFINITI QX80 LUXE 4dr SUV (5.6L 8cyl 7A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$22,242$25,188$28,023
Clean$21,837$24,727$27,507
Average$21,162$23,959$26,647
Rough$20,285$22,960$25,530

The average list price of a used 2020 INFINITI QX80 in McKinney, Texas is $27,439. The average mileage on a used INFINITI QX80 2020 for sale in McKinney, Texas is 89,732. Based on the average mileage of 89,732 for used 2020 INFINITI QX80 for sale in McKinney, TX and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used INFINITI QX80 2020 in McKinney, Texas to be $21,162.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.